Security Wireless Sensor Networks By Mohd Faraz Uddin

SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS by Mohd Faraz Uddin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING Major Subject: Internetworking at DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY Halifax, Nova Scotia January, 2016  © Copyright by your Mohd Faraz Uddin, 2016 Dalhousie University Faculty of Engineering Internetworking The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and award a pass in INWK 6800 for the seminar project entitled Security in Wireless Sensor Networks by Mohd Faraz Uddin in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering. ___________________________ Alireza Nafarieh DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY INTERNETWORKING PROGRAM†¦show more content†¦In addition I might want to thank my Parents for giving me such an extraordinary chance to think about and develop in such a regarded University. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report deals with the Security of Wireless Sensor Networks and how and why we need to secure them from any outsiders or attacks. 1 INTRODUCTION The security of Wireless sensor networks is a range that has been examined significantly in the course of recent years. Applications for these networks are differed and they all include some level of checking, tracking, controlling, or a mix thereof. Wireless sensor networks have attributes that are remarkable to them, for example, the capacity to withstand unfavorable natural conditions, dynamic network topology, correspondence disappointments, expansive size of deployment, Scalable node limit, node portability, unattended operation and also restricted power, to give some examples. They likewise have base stations, which have more assets, that go about as a gateway between the sensor node and the end client. Since Wireless networks posture exceptional difficulties, conventional security strategies utilized as a part of customary systems can t be connected straightforwardly. In the first place, to make Sensor Networks financially practical, sensor devices are constrained in their vitality, computations, and correspondence

Essay on The Womens Suffrage Movement - 1963 Words

California women and men worked tirelessly to strengthen the women’s suffrage campaign from 1893, when the state legislature passed an amendment permitting women to vote in state elections, through the final passage of the amendment in 1911. The strength of the movements themselves, passionate support overcoming harsh opposition, pushed by the people and the organizations championing for the women’s vote were the main contributing factors which accumulated in the eventual passage of Amendment 8. Since California women have begun to vote, there have been many advancements and setbacks in the other women’s rights movements, including the Nineteenth Amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment. In 1849, California entered the United States as†¦show more content†¦Under women’s rights is, naturally, women’s suffrage (Rawls). The Socialist Party supported women’s suffrage because they believed that a woman’s vote was a step closer to a more egalitarian and socialist utopian society. Helen Valeska Bary, an administrator for the Los Angeles Political Equality League, said, in an interview with American history author Jacqueline K. Parker, that â€Å"every place where we had worked and sent literature and all that, we lost. We won in the places that we had neglected† (Bary). These places were rural areas, known as â€Å"cow counties.† They had not heard of the campaign for women’s suffrage until it had been reported in the newspapers that the referendum had failed. These voters then went to the voting boxes and voted for Amendment 8 (Bary). CONCLUSION Opposition for the women’s suffrage movements came from the Los Angeles Times newspaper, the alcohol industry, Catholics, and, the largest block of opposition, San Francisco County. In the 1900s, the Los Angeles Times newspaper was a conservative leaning paper. On the whole, it was opposed to women’s suffrage; the paper showed its opp osition by â€Å"belittling the campaign and sneering at it,† when it was not ignoring the campaign (Bary). The alcohol industry of California was also against women’s suffrage. Many of the important figures in the industry believed that if womenShow MoreRelatedWomens Suffrage Movement2267 Words   |  9 Pages In 1893 New Zealand became the first country in the world to give women the right to vote, this made them leaders in the women’s suffrage movement. This is an historical event that is of significance to New Zealanders when the bill was passed and continues to impact New Zealanders now. Prior to 1893 there were many issues which women faced that significantly impacted the quality of their lives and their families, especially their children. As a result of industrialism in New Zealand families wereRead MoreThe Women’s Suffrage Movement Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesStarting in 1776 with a letter from Abigail Adams to her husband, the movement for Women’s suffrage lasted a superfluous amount of time. Mrs. Adam’s request for the President to â€Å"remember the ladies† set in motion a whole movement that would revolutionize the United States of America. A movement that set forth rights that the women of today take for granted. The women’s suffrage movement began in the mid-nineteenth century. Women began discussing the problems they faced in society and the differentRead MoreWomens Suffrage Movement947 Words   |  4 PagesWoman’s Suffrage Era â€Å"The only Question left to be settled now is: Are Women Persons?† Susan Brownell Anthony inquired in a speech she divulged during the 1800s, after she was arrested and fined for voting the year before. 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Notable women such as Dame Doris Johnson, Mary Ingraham, Eugenia Lockhart, Mabel Walker and Georgianna Symonette has made countless triumphs toward the equal rights of all women in the Bahamas. In particular all of these women mentioned before were major persons in the Women’s Suffrage Movement in the Bahamas. This movement’s main purpose was to ensure thatRead MoreWomen’s Suffrage Movement in America Essay2480 Words   |  10 Pagesworldly would have been turned away. In such a male dominated world at the time of the suffrage movement these woman who started it all must have been strong willed and passionate about their cause, and I feel like I just need to know more. There is so much information I want to ascertain while conducting my research for this paper. First and foremost†¦Who were the women of the time that began this amazing movement; that shifted the course of woman’s history forever? Were these women of money or ofRead MoreWomens Suffrage Movement Impact on the Us1796 Words   |  8 PagesKayla Benware Professor Donnelly History 202 Research Paper Fall 2011 Women’s Suffrage Movement Impact on the United States Woman suffrage in the United States was achieved gradually through the 19th and early 20th Century. The women’s suffrage movement concluded in 1920 with a famous passage of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution which stated: â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account ofRead MoreCompare and Contrast Women’s Suffrage Movements Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Compare and contrast women’s suffrage movements of the late nineteenth and early centuries with the European feminist movements of the 1960’s and 1970’s.† Whereas the women’s suffrage movements focused mainly on overturning legal obstacles to equality, the feminist movements successfully addressed a broad range of other feminist issues. The first dealt primarily with voting rights and the latter dealt with inequalities such as equal pay and reproductive rights. Both movements made vast gains toRead MoreEssay about The History of the Women’s Suffrage Movement977 Words   |  4 PagesWomen’s suffrage, or the crusade to achieve the equal right for women to vote and run for political office, was a difficult fight that took activists in the United States almost 100 years to win. On August 26, 1920 the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified, declaring all women be empowered with the same rights and responsibilities of citizenship as men, and on Election Day, 1920 millions of women exercised their right to vote for the very first time. The women’s

Us Military Endeavor in Bosnia 1993-1995 Free Essays

string(164) " Through another UN Resolution, that was formally not necessary, the UN and NATO decided to intensify their air attacks by almost 2000 attacks in a couple of days\." US Military Endeavor in Bosnia 1993-1995| | 08. 12. 2009| | Introduction: With Josip Broz‘s (Tito) death in 1980 the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has lost its political leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Us Military Endeavor in Bosnia 1993-1995 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tito supported a wide ethnic representation in his country and a division of power. Without his strong leadership Yugoslavia would have broken up years before the Balkan war in 1992. Yugoslavia was politically weak without Tito and the country was hard hit by an economic crisis in the early 1980ies. Calls for comprehensive reforms were growing, especially from the constituent republics Slovenia and Croatia and the central government became incapable of acting. More and more power was given up to the constituent republics. At the beginning of 1990 the Yugoslavian unity party SKJ (Savez Komunista Jugoslavije) has fallen and majority party elections were established in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Political Parties were established that functioned mainly in the interest of their ethnical background. Hence the rivalry between the parties for more power developed into an ethno-political rivalry. On June 25 in 1991 Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence. Directly after, armed conflicts started between groups which defended their territorial and the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA), the last institution of the SFR Yugoslavia. More and more constituent republics were involved and soon a war started that we will remember as the Yugoslav war that later reached Bosnia, where most of the fighting took place. It was a bloody civil war between neighbors in South Eastern Europe in the late 20 century that was ended too late. Many victims would be alive if the international audience would have been more concerned about its importance of involvement. The United States, as one of the countries, acted too late at the expense of human life. The Bosnian war was a failed humanitarian intervention of the UN, a weak NATO presence and a US policy that planned [†¦] to pursue a U. S. ommitment to Bosnia-Herzegovina that is short-sighted in vision and transparent in end state The ‘symbolic’ presence of the UNO and the early stage of the war In 1991 The United States just ended the Gulf War and hence the majority of the American population didn’t see the point in involving themselves into another war. It was an ongoing dispute of whose responsibility was to intervene in the Bosnian War. George Bush’s policy indicated to use diplomatic initiatives rather than the usage of A merican military force. After being involved in World War I and II the United States saw their mission in Europe completed. There was no more a Soviet threat and the European Community (EC) should be ready to deal with its problems by themselves which was also accomplished by the Maastricht treaty in 1992. The countries in the EC should be stable enough to ensure democracy and peace in Europe. However, the actions that have been initialized by the EC failed. The countries couldn’t find a consensus of working together and using a strategy that would end the war. The Yugoslavian conflict parties arranged, with the initiative of the EC, a plan on June 29th in 1991. The plan provided 3 points which was 1) ceasefire between Slovenia and Croatia and the withdrawal of their armies 2) Slovenia and Croatia should pause with their declaration of independence for 3 month 3) Serbia should give up his resistance towards the new elected Croatian President Mesic Beside the 3rd point all the other attempts to end this war failed. Another failure of the EC was to rush into recognizing Slovenia’s and Croatia’s independence. Bosnia was even rushed to motion its independence between the times of December 16th until December 23rd 1991. A week that was given to consider establishing a country which history is very diverse and complicated. In the late summer of 1991 the Moslem politician Izetbegovic asked the UNO to send observers and a peacekeeping force because he knew what a war would cause in Bosnia. The attempt failed due to the UN principles to intervene when all intern actions failed to prevent a civil war. After the war broke out the UN decided to send 100 and a few month later in June 1992 1. 000 peacekeepers to Bosnia. The modest aim was to ensure a complete defeat of the Moslem population with a minimum of UN forces. NATO In early May 1992 the UN sanctioned Yugoslavia or the parts that still remained Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and a few days later the UN Security Council placed an economic embargo on Yugoslavia. NATO warships were sent to the Adriatic Sea to enforce the internationally est ablished embargo. In October 1992 the UN Security Council decided to forbid any military flights of the warring parties. However, there have been various violations against the flying ban. Therefore NATO decided to start their direct combat mission in the air in April 1994. It didn’t stop the Serbs to take UN peacekeepers and other observant as hostage. Thus the NATO’s first air attacks did not have a great effect for stopping the war. The establishment of ‘UN protected zones’ and the case of Srebrenica The UN protected zones were established mainly for the Muslim population that was surrounded by either Croatian or Serb territory. Building protected zones was another attempt to secure civilians even though they were fairly against the UN principles of impartiality and agreement of all warring parties. The history has shown us that the UN peacekeepers were tricked by the Serbs and the ‘protected zone’ was used to facilitate covert genocide that we know today by the name of The Srebrenica Massacre in July 1995. End of the war After violating the protected zones in Srebrenica and Zepa, NATO decided for massive air attacks on military and logistical targets of the Serbs. Until this moment there have been ten NATO air attacks during the war. It was obvious that this was not enough to end the war. Through another UN Resolution, that was formally not necessary, the UN and NATO decided to intensify their air attacks by almost 2000 attacks in a couple of days. You read "Us Military Endeavor in Bosnia 1993-1995" in category "Essay examples" The war ended but it was a very long way for the US to decide the various kinds of intervention. Opinions went from not getting involved at all because the EC should deal with it by themselves to deploying US troops, first for humanitarian or peacekeeping efforts then for United Nations (UN) or NATO military actions, including rescuing UN peacekeepers. According to several polls at the beginning of the war, the Americans would support any of the humanitarian interventions and multilateral agreements. ‘Bosnia reveals that the ‘‘post-Vietnam syndrome’’ was still apparent in the preference of most Americans to stay out of foreign entanglements since the Reagan-era involvements in Central America’. Nevertheless, most Americans were sure that Bosnia won’t be the next Vietnam. Polls also show that interventions should be used if there is a case of genocide. However, it was a long way for the US government to fulfill the peoples will. It was talked too much around and the media used terms such as ‘civil war’ or ‘ethnic war’ to undermine the need of stronger interventions at the beginning of the war. A Presidential term was coming up and the need of actions was put aside regardless of moral principles. In a democratic country that is based on a will of people with representatives elected by the people, a public opinion is a crucial right. If a poll shows that most of the Americans agree with military humanitarian intervention before 1995 why did a hegemonic power, as the US back then, didn’t interfere earlier with more pressure on the International community to act stronger and precisely. A diplomatic intervention in 1992 had a great impact on the course of the war until 1995. The United States has supported the UN resolution of preventing genocide, as it was before declared to be a crime under international law. Sadly neither Bush senior nor Clinton have made efforts to prevent genocide in Bosnia. Samantha Power wrote ‘it is in the realm of domestic politics that the battle to stop genocide is lost. American political leaders interpret society-wide silence as an indicator of public indifference. ’ Not until Srebrenica did the domestic and international politics pushed Clinton into action of interfering with massive military forces which at the end brought the war into an end. ‘Clinton rode into the White House rallying against Bush’s non-interventionist policy and favoring commitments to stop genocide. Facing a re-election year, a time when an administration’s promises are measured against their actual accomplishments, Clinton was particularly sensitive to challenges to his earlier pledges. Dole’s role augmented an explosion of a united media campaign, increasing international pressure for intervention, and the embarrassing fall of a U. S. -backed ‘safe zone,’ aggravating Clinton’s original commitments to put an end to the Bosnian genocide and made the political costs of non-intervention too high for the Clinton Administration to withstand. Because of this conglomeration of pressures, Clinton could follow his own moral convictions and stop the genocide. ’ In conclusion: The US intervention in Bosnia has three significant phases. The first phase included a diplomatic interference at the beginning of the war. It was an European problem. Thus Europeans should deal with it. The second phase was a very modest humanitarian-military intervention (UN and NATO) by the US, in an area where such ‘experiments’ are fatal in the course of the war. The UN ‘peacekeeping master plan’ failed completely for one good reason. No one can heal a huge wound with a simple band aid. After 3 years of a bloody fight and a never ending war what could the hegemonic power US do? Either withdraw its troops and run away and be an audience of a war that might have murdered a whole ethnic group or reinforce and fight. The third phase, which finally ended the war, it was crucial that the US as well as the EC, NATO and the UN realize the importance of a strong military interference which is based on a common consensus. The European Community failed completely to solve its Balkan problem due to self-interests, premature decisions and a lack of a consensus. However not being involved in the war, as some US elites suggested at the beginning of the war because it is an European issue, would have been against the principles of human rights and would have created a humanitarian disaster similar to the one in WWII. Bibliography Karadjis, Mike Karadjis. Bosnia, Kosova ; the West. Resistance Books, 2000. Kull, Steven . â€Å"Americans on the Crisis in Sudan. † The American Public on International Issues N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 July 2009. ;http://www. pipa. org/OnlineReports/Africa/Sudan_Jul04/Sudan_Jul04_rpt. df;. Mellenthin , Knut . â€Å"Der jugoslawische Burgerkrieg, die UNO und die NATO. † Jugoslawien N. p. , 14 Dec. 1995. Web. 27 Nov. 2009. ;http://www. knutmellenthin. de/artikel/archiv/jugoslawien/der-jugoslawische-buergerkrieg-die-uno-und-die-nato-14121995. html;. Petrilli , Danielle Petrilli . â€Å"More Than Witnesses at a Funeral? : The U. S. and Humanitarian Intervention . † Duke Journal of Politics Duke Universit y, 2006. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. ;http://www. poli. duke. edu/undergrad/D. %20Petrilli%20writing%20sample. doc. ;. Power, Samantha. A Problem From Hell† America and the Age of Genocide. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print. Rachal, Louis N. â€Å"U. S. Strategy in Bosnia: Are We Really Committed?. † Military U. S. Strategy in Bosnia: Are We Really Committed? N. p. , 1997. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. ;http://www. globalsecurity. org/military/library/report/1997/Rachal. htm;. Sobel, Richard . â€Å"Trends: United States Intervention in Bosnia. † Public Opinion Quarterly Oxford Journals, 1998. Web. 27 Nov. 2009. ;http://poq. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/reprint/62/2/250. pdf;. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Rachal, Louis N. â€Å"U. S. Strategy in Bosnia: Are We Really Committed?. † Military U. S. Strategy in Bosnia: Are We Really Committed? N. p. , 1997. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. . [ 2 ]. Sobel, Richard . â€Å"Trends: United States Intervention in Bosnia. † Public Opinion Quarterly Oxford Journals, 1998. Web. 27 Nov. 2009. . [ 3 ]. 80% of the respondents of the PIPA survey said that if the UN determines that genocide is occurring, the UN, including the US, should act to stop the genocide by military force if necessary http://www. ipa. org/OnlineReports/Africa/Sudan_Jul04/Sudan_Jul04_rpt. pdf [ 4 ]. â€Å"Crimes within the Court’s Jurisdiction. † Development and Human Rights Section United Nations, n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. . [ 5 ]. Power, Samantha. †A Problem From Hell† America and the Age of Genocide. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print. [ 6 ]. Petrilli , Danielle Petrilli . â€Å"More Than Witnesses at a Funeral? : The U. S. and Humanitarian Intervention . † Duke Journal of Politics Duke University, 2006. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. . How to cite Us Military Endeavor in Bosnia 1993-1995, Essay examples

CSR and Sustainable Development-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthlep.com

Questions: 1.Analyse the Concept and theories of Corporate Social Responsibility and how it relates to Ethical Business Practices. 2.Identify and Describe the principal trends driving Corporate Ethics and Sustainability. 3.Appraise CSR from the perspectives of Stakeholder Interests at a National and International Level. 4.Describe and evaluate the impact that foreign social norms and standards may have on International Business. . 5.Compare and Contrast the legal versus ethical compliance of CSR from the perspectives of various stakeholders, and the impact on the legislative framework surrounding corporate existence. 6.Critically analyse and judge the relationship between ethical branding and Corporate reputation. Answers: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept that is related to business management, which implores the different ways an organisation operates and says that companies should be incorporating social and environmental concerns within their operational strategies and their interactions with the stakeholders (Crane and Matten 2016). This means that organisations should not limit their functions only to managerial operations, but should also concern themselves about the planet and try to create a sustainable mode of operation so that an overall growth and prosperity can be achieved without harming someone or something in the process. 1.Corporate Social Responsibility and business ethics Business ethics are essentially moral guidelines and a conduct code for business organisations that tries to establish what is right from wrong and requires the organisations to have an operational process based on these guidelines. While most people rely on their own morality and judgmental skills when making a decision, business entities have to consider many more aspects and sides before doing so (Schlierer et al. 2015). In many cases, business owners or the Board has to take decisions that may look to be unethical and this creates a major tension of morality within themselves, for having to deviate from their own ideologies. CSR can be used both as an important component of the business strategy or as a defensive policy, with the latter being more commonly used. Business organisations have to follow a decorum or an operational process that impacts their industry reputation in a good way and ensures that the company is known for their customer interactions and services rather than simply quality of the commodities and the products that they sell. This is a major way which helps organisations to create their brand image in the industry and a loyal customer base (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). While there are many sellers of the same product or services in the market, strong business ethics helps companies to stay ahead of the competition and ensure the customers are coming back. CSR helps to establish this very sense of ethics in the internal affairs of the organisation so that a basic morale guides the entire operations of the company. CSR also dictates that companies should be maintaining a decorum whereby a sense of ethical practices can be established in all the segments and levels of the organisation, helping it to have a business practice that is ethical in nature (Kolk 2016). In other words, CSR is the companys responsibility to make sure that their operations and other modes of functioning have positive effects on social and environmental wellbeing. In many cases, organisations may be required to go beyond the norms and guidelines that are provided by social organisations, groups or environmental protection groups. 2.Drivers of corporate ethics and sustainability Ethical grounding is often the most important driver of business operations, along with economic self-interest of the company. Ethical grounding provides for the base of the importance of sustainable development and how may that be related to the morality of the organisational processes. In recent times it has been implored that looking after the community, the social and environmental protection is a fundamental thing for organisations and it is essential for the long-term existence of a company in the industry (Capaldi et al. 2015). Across the world, many organisations put more emphasis on the social accountability aspect of running a business and rely heavily on the concepts of citizenship and moral accountability. Increasing amount of focus is being laid on project sustainability along with financial success of a company, making sure that the results that are produced have long term positive effects on the society and the environment. CSR has drastically altered the views that gu ide the business processes and the marked shift has been recorded in terms of the guiding principles (Bowie 2017). Companies should be deciding on their operations that looks at different things that go beyond the simple structure of lowest short-term cost to highest short-term gain. Corporations should take more initiatives to reduce the poverty issues, and this can only be done after poverty is recognised as a major problem in the corporate citizenship field (Schlierer et al. 2015). Poverty reduction and a commitment to protect the environment have beent he two key drivers of organisational operations in the recent years, which have made the organisations to encompass much more than simply running after profits and other traditional marketing norms. 3.CSR from the perspective of stakeholders interests Stakeholders the foundation of any organisation and often the deciding factor of how will the organisation behave in certain situations and also guide the company to prioritise the different operations. CSR is absolutely embedded into the functions and inter-relations among all the stakeholders oft eh company. As business entities are being exposed to new roles and social responsibilities, with sustainable growth and development being the key focus areas, the leadership management of the organisation is also being subjected to newer aspects of running a business (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). The leading positions of the company is bound to come to contact, and conflict at times, with the stakeholders and CSR plays a pivotal role in this place, which was not recognised before. There are two basic models that try to instruct the organisational leaders on how should they be interacting with the diverse group of stakeholders: the inside-out-approach and a second one that asks the stakeho lders to actively participate in the operations of the organisation itself to bring out the best suited profits according to their own needs. In the era of globalisation, many organisations function in many different countries and they all have to bear in mind the different groups of stakeholders and their respective requirements, also the social and environmental responsibilities that may be facing them in different countries. In case of international stakeholders, many different platforms and entities may get involved in the operational process of the companies. The legal aspects and jurisdiction are the two most important things that need to be adhered to by the organisations when it comes to operating overseas. This means that international laws must be acknowledged and foreign functions need to be conforming to the needs of the foreign stakeholders as well. Domestic and foreign stakeholders mostly have different kinds of needs and necessities and it is the responsibility of organisations to make sure that these requirements are fulfilled. 4.Adhering to foreign social norms and standards International labour laws are of paramount importance and these must be paid close attention by the companies if they wish to operate within the legal framework of any country. The social standards of every country are also different (Lakshman et al. 2014), and organisations must understand that they have to respect and comply with this to be able to function in overseas countries. Without giving paying heed to these may result in adversities which may be difficult to entertain. Social norms and standards often are driving force of the work culture in the country where the organisation is stepping in, and if these are not given any importance, there is a fair chance that the company itself shall not be accepted by the customers of the specific countries. Conflicting ideas and cultural backgrounds must be analyzed and operations have to be changed accordingly. Same issue also lies with the environment. CSR encourages the organisations to be operating within the legal bounds and confor m to the international norms. Environmental needs and responsibilities must be met by the organisation if they wish to be a sustainable organisation which can operate in the industry in the long riun. 5.Compare and contrast the legal versus ethical compliance of CSR from the perspectives of various stakeholders It is often the case that organisations are faced with scenarios that require them to take hard decisions which are tricky in nature. In many cases, ethical and legal grounds seem to clash with each other and it may be very possible for a possible solution to be ethical but not legal or vice versa. These situations have to be handled with the utmost care and CSR can be of help to keep a perfect balance between the two. It must be kept in mind that solutions must ensure that every stakeholder who is involved in the case are benefited. Sustainable development cannot be achieved if even one of the stakeholders are found to be at a worse off condition after the decision is implemented. For example, a heavy engineering plant may be economically beneficial for the development of a community or region, but it may be harmful for the surrounding environment and the ecology. In this case, CSR can be used by the company to reach to a solution that would allow for the company to maintain a balance. CSR would enable the company to operate in an ethical manner that would not harm either the community or the environment of the region. Or in another case, where the possible outcome of a certain situation may be legal but not the desired ethical outcome. CSR helps in these regards to make sure that the solution is both legal and ethical, so that a sustainable development is achieved. 6.Ethical branding and corporate reputation In traditional norms, the brand image of the organisation is created within the industry base on their economic performances and is dictated by holistic marketing rules. However, legal and ethical aspects are missing from this framework, and hence does not make this particular profit driven model an all-encompassing one when it comes to branding of an organisation (Capaldi 2013). The organisation must be both legal and ethical, so that it looks into all aspects of the society and the environment and not merely run after profit margins and better annual reports. Conventional branding methods mostly focus more on products rather than the companies, which needs to be altered, and the ethical side of the organisations must be projected to the customers (Spence 2016). In the modern day, many customers opt for products and services of organisations which they feel runs in accordance to their own beliefs and ideologies. In a market with such customers, it is of paramount necessity for the o rganisations to successfully promote themselves to bring maximum focus upon themselves. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that CSR of an organisation is primarily driven by the interest of the stakeholders of the company and an urge to meet the ethical requirements that face every institution. CSR is a basic necessity for any company in the modern age where mere production and manufacturing are not the only responsibilities of an organisation and CSR is also one of the key drivers for sustainable growth. CSR is going to be the major driving force for organisational operations in the years to come and this is projected to only keep increasing in the future. References Bowie, N.E., 2017.Business ethics: A Kantian perspective. Cambridge University Press. Capaldi, N. ed., 2013.Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility(Vol. 21). New York: Springer. Capaldi, N., Schmidpeter, R., Zu, L. and Fifka, M.S., 2015. Dictionary of corporate social responsibility CSR, sustainability, ethics and governance. Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Kolk, A., 2016. The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.23-34. Lakshman, C., Ramaswami, A., Alas, R., Kabongo, J.F. and Pandian, J.R., 2014. Ethics trumps culture? A cross-national study of business leader responsibility for downsizing and CSR perceptions.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), pp.101-119. Schlierer, H.J., Hoivik, H.W., Garriga, E., Signori, S., Rossem, A., Werner, A. and Fassin, Y., 2015. CSR and Related Terms in SME OwnerManagers Mental Models in Six European Countries: National Context Matters. Spence, L.J., 2016. Small business social responsibility: Expanding core CSR theory.Business Society,55(1), pp.23-55.