Swot And Pestle Analysis Of Tesco

Swot And Pestle Analysis Of TescoExecutive heavysetThis report outlines the Introduction of Oyster Cards and Mobile Phones Top Ups Counters at all TESCO Retail outlets in UK. The SWOT and swearingAL compend reflects that TESCO has currently the strengths and resources to successfully offer this returns to enhance the guest services to the clienteles. This report in any case envisages the fulfil and death penalty of assortment and its impact on the current anatomical structure while moving towards the service enhancement with the facilitation of grocerying and swop guidance tools, theories and frame go bad. More emphasis would be on implementation of strategies for successful adaptation of virgin-fangledly asseverated service.IntroductionTesco is a well k presentlyn Britains leading nutrition retail group with an existence elsewhere in Europe, Asia and the United States. Tesco runs more(prenominal) than 2,300 super merchandises, hypermarkets, and convenience stores in the UK (where it is the market draw in food retail), Ireland, primeval Europe, and Asia. Its operations include convenience and gasoline retailing (Tesco Express), down(p) urban stores (Tesco Metro), hypermarkets (Tesco Extra), and financial services through Tesco Personal Finance. A global draw in online grocery sales, it owns a 35% stake in US grocery chain Safeways Grocery Works. It is the leading online grocery store and it is now expanding its business with a TV channel and a retail base education institution.The Tesco offers to its customers a wide range of food and non-food items under the oneness point of sale, non food items range includes clothing, furniture, Home electrical, personal cargon, computing, cameras and phones etc. heap ValuesWe talk about either Little Helps a lot, scarcely its not just a catchphrase or marketing slogan, it represents everything we deadlock for. For our people and our customers, its how we run our businesses from China to Chorley. (www.tesco.com)Literature ReviewMy core books pass on be Essential Guide to Marketing programmening by Marian Burk Wood and Kevin Kellers Strategic Brand Management. Which has been the essential tool for helping me in devising the right approach for my dissertation? Furthermore, I volition be using some of alteration management books Making Sense of Change Management by Esther Cameron and Mike Green and John P Kotter s Leading Change Which can be useful in the abridgment of change management process and tools for successful interventions. List of some of the resources that I will make use of it is as fol imprintsHARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW.JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATINAL convert MANAGEMENT.THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTARTICLES OF EMRALD.WEBSITES CIPD, TIMES coke AND PERSONNEL TODAYSWOT and PESTLE Analysis of TescoA PEST summary of the constancy will examine the local, national and global influences of political, economic, cordial and technological factors t o understand opportunities and threats well.INTERNAL STRENGTHS Diverse ranges of crossways Open 24 hours a day Strong Cash Flow Position Increase derangement and trading profits Strong Balance Sheet Leading Supermarket compass Brand Awareness Human resources Online Shopping Capabilities to turn resources into advantages OPPORTUNITIES Develop post awareness globally New Markets Market shift to globalization health awareness emergence -GM crops Innovation Alliances Low make up brand growth Diversification Non-food offers untapped new markets with high gearer margins EXTERNAL WEAKNESSES Perception of low quality -(Tesco value brands) Lack of local knowl brim of customers and culture contradictory brand THREATS New existing competition Volatility in price of raw materials Economic recession Market shift to globalization coup detat bids Far-East low cost brands Extremely high competition for customers and resources External milieu PESTLE AnalysisAll of those (political, economic, social, technical, legal and environmental) factors will to some design apply to the retail industry in Sweden.POLITICAL Following the European Integration and Free Trade Agreements, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in Hungary. Lidl is uncompromisingly fighting to maintain its market share with an aggressive set strategy.ECONOMIC the Retail sector is fairly recession prawn and in addition very sensitive to changes in interest rates. Since the events of September 11th the human economies get to suffered heavily, stocks plummeted and prices are at all date lows. The existence scrimping is however, now on the up post September 11th. Con essenceers are starry-eyed and the retail industry is once again booming.SOCIAL changes in consumer druthers and lifestyle represent both opportunities and threats for the industry. Opportunities in hurt of new market and consumers, however, there are added threats in damage of alternative manifested Swedish national retailers (foreign company bias).TECHNICAL Changes in retailing methods as such(prenominal) clothes sales via the Internet is now a common key in retailing. Paperless operation, the management and administration of the company are undertaken on IT systems, which are accessed through secure servers provide flexibility in the running of the business. As Sweden is at the forefront of technological advancement with national companies like Ericsson, Tesco would fetch it away the comprehensive logistic and distribution channels already in place. legitimate National legislation for health and safety both in wrong of consumer rights and as well as in terms of production of own natural renewable resources for making clothes.ENVIRONMENTAL The renewable source of resources used in production, that is to say cotton and wool are environmentally friendly. The threats are in terms of legal consequences for livestocks in terms of health and safety. Critical AnalysisTodays world competition is very strong in every kind of businesses. Every organizations must provide excellent products or services in army to stay in competition, however their competitors also providing the same or similar products or services. An all important(predicate) way to an organization to get an edge all over its competitors is to identify the customer convey and extra service to satisfy and fascinate their customers, which can retain them and also gain new customers and leads to ultimate profits. therefore, the movement of customer satisfaction must be a major accusing in all organizations.To achieve customer satisfaction, an organization has to provide high quality products and also provide an excellent customer service. When the service and product that the company provided is good, they can obtain customer loyalty. The customers will go again and again.The above SWOT and PESTLE analysis shows that the TESCO i s fully capable to introduce the Oyster card top ups counterpunchs at TESCO retail outlets to facilitate the customers and product reasonable profit share from the market, where secondary retailers used to earn from the market. The cost of the entire project could be workout and oyster top up machine could be purchase in bulk at economic price from the suppliers. trance introducing this new service certain structural changes would be under taken by the management and few strategies to adapt to successfully implementing the change process.This new service will engaged the attention of the commodious existing customer base nevertheless it will also absorb the new customer who could be facilitated by this new service as an enormous people travels through rails, tubes and buses to their work places, schools, shopping malls, amusement centers from sunup to evening.Until this report none of the competitor such as ASDA and Sainsbury has given this service to customer, so this service will give a competitive edge to TESCO on its leading competitors.Change ManagementEverybody has a game stick out until they get hit in the mouth.-Mike TysonChange management is a incorporate approach to transitioning individuals, squads, and organizations from a current state to a in demand(p) hereafter state. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_managementChange management frameworksLewinBullock BatternJohn P KotterBeckhard HarrisNadler TushmanMcKinseyWilliam BridgesSengeStacy Shaw apostrophize practice sessionsLewis impregnable for analyzing change at the startBullock Batten true for simple isolated changesKotterGreat approach for large or small changes, does imply a linear approachBeckhard HarrisSimple change facial expression (C=ABCX) for analyzing change at any point in the processNadler TushmanGood checklist for what should be covered in changeMcKinsey Seven SEncourages hassle focus looks at change from interdependent subsystems.William BridgesGood at tackling inevitable cha ngeCarnallAnother good checklistSengeDifferent approach, start small and grow. Dont plan everything up front as you cannot control change.StaceyShawA new framework promoting the fact that there are no easy responses. not very prescriptive.Aims and Objectives of ChangeChange management is not an end in itself. Nor does the organization really care about how cutting edge the solution happens to be.The Objective is to see the resultant benefits actually being deliveredAs profligate as possibleCompletelyAcross all the end usersWith an importunate adoption by stakeholders and end usersDelivering the targeted benefits corroborate to the client who invested all the time and moneyIn this regard, change management has a real component part to make.Change Process/ MethodologyFollowing the above change exemplification Tesco strategic management will firstly break down the project team for the initiation of the oyster card project. A team/ project drawing card will be selected dependin g upon he essential skills and experience. A team leader will create a clear vision about the installment of oyster top up machines at TESCO retails outlets in UK. After creating a comprehensive vision he project team will develop a concrete Project Plan and utilized all the addressable resources of TESCO including human resource. Will take assistance from the current IT team to data link the oyster top up machines through ne iirking and execute the necessary IT buy at to the newly developed project. Furthermore, work force would be hired and accomplished for the project and in the end a test run would be punish for successful launch. After a launch, an appropriate monitoring will be done to review the short comes of the project and continuous feed back will be taken from the stake holders i-e employees and customers. In this scenario a desired state will be achieved and result could be seen in terms of revenue.Implementation of Strategies in Change Management processFor the successful implementation of Oyster cards top up machines at TESCO retail outlets, two following strategies would be used for the analysis of the existing cause forces and qualifying forces and an analysis of stakeholders to identify the readiness of stakeholders for the change.Lewin (1947, 1951) Force Field AnalysisForce handle analysis (Lewin, 1951) is a diagnostic technique which has been applied to ways of tone at the variables involved in determining whether fundamental lawal change will occur.It is ground on the concept of forces, a term which refers to the perceptions of people in the organisation about a particular factor and its influence.Driving forces are those forces bear on a situation and which are attempting to push it in particular direction. These forces run for to initiate change or keep it going.Restraining forces are forces acting to restrain or decrease the driveway forces. A state of residue is reached when the sum of the driving forces equals the r estraining forces.Lewin formulated three fundamental assertions about force field and change.Increasing the driving forces results in an increase in the resisting forces the current equilibrium does not change but is maintained under increased tension. reduction resisting forces is preferable because it allows movement towards the desired state, without increasing tension.Group norms are an important force in resisting and shaping organisational change.As far as TESCO is concern, its driving force is leading position and rapport in retail industry and availability of huge finances along with structured frame work of outlets. In additions technology advancement and skilled work force is also great driving force in TESCO, however, established work patterns, self-satisfaction and lower profit margin would be resistance occurring factors. But driving forces at TESCO are stronger as compared to restraining forces.Stakeholder Analysis and WIFMIn their book Organisational Transitions Mana ging thickening Change (1987) Beckhard and Harris describe and illustrate two techniques for analysing relevant sources of energy.They analyse one by one the sources and potency of forces for change, and the readiness and capability of individuals and groups to enact change.First, the nature of the change demanded must be specified, using tools and techniques associated with environmental and organisational analysis.Then all the forces for change, both inner(a) the organisation and external to it, are listed along one axis of a grid.On the other axis the potency of the forces is indicated, as high, medium or low.Sources and Potency of Forces (Beckhard Harris, 1987)Early on in the change process, organization need to identify which specific groups and individuals will be required to support the change if the change is to be successful.When they have done so they can rig the readiness and capability of these individuals and groups to enact the roles required of them in the change process. thought the readiness involves analysing attitudes willingness, motives and aims.Capability is determined by whether they have the power, the influence and the effectiveness to allocate resources, and the appropriate information and skills.Beckhard and Harris (1987, p.63) have developed a Readiness-Capability discernment Chart which enables the user to list individuals or groups who are critical to the change effort, and to rank them (high, medium, or low) each according to their readiness and capability with extol to change.The following chart will be used to develop an analysis related to stakeholders readiness to develop the change or adopt the new procedure.Readiness and Capability (Beckhard Harris, 1987)Stakeholders(Key Individuals or groupsReadinessCapabilityAction required to increase the readiness or capabilityNeed to rate as high, medium or lowWhere a change must be implemented from the outside, ie when it has not been defined as necessary by the people involv ed, then it is unlikely to succeed (yield the full results of which people have ambitions) unless some of those involved are in favour of it.Several observers (Rogers, 1983) have suggested however that not everyone needfully to support a change, and that not everybody needs to support it to the same extent.Senge in The Fifth Discipline (1990) talks of the loss betweencommitment,enrolmentcompliance,Suggesting that while it is more pleasant (and reassuring) to have considerable commitment, it is not necessary for everyone to be as fully signed-up as this.There exist a number of positions along a continuum, along which players whitethorn position themselves in response to proposed action and changeTESCO implementation PlanClearly overhaul the vision of TESCO via effective communication tools.Manage employee and customer prospectsProject manage and measure the processBe seen to add value to organizational goalsBuild on some quick wins or shorter rewards.Use the line managers/ first l ine managers as wellBe down-to-earth about personally and corporatelyManage conflictRepeat key messages and communicate even when important to sayManage ResistanceRemain macroscopical and out of the bunkerKeep eye on the ball and dont impede about customers and competitorsConclusionAfter conducting a thorough research it has been finally in the recommended that TESCO should have introduced Oyster Card top up counter at its all retail outlets in UK to acquiesce the maximum market share on the consumers product, this would be a unique step in the gain retail industry and satisfy the customer numerous community travels through underground metros, tubes, buses, daily to commute their workplaces, universities, schools, amusement centers etc. While introducing the oyster top up card facility, certain change process should be adopted by TESCO to analyze the readiness of stakeholders in word sense of the change. However, TECO driving forces are tend to be stronger than its restraining force, so the change could be easily absorb by the employees and other associates. TESCO has a well establish infra-structure that appropriately supports the change. By this strategic move, I am sure that TESCO will not only increase the revenue but also expunge the customer loyalty in addition to the competitive edge over the competitors.

Effects of Alzheimers On Response Times

Effects of Alzheimers On answer TimesJohn C. HembyPhysiological PsychologyDr. Colleen Miron at that place atomic number 18 umteen advances in science that has allowed us to understand, cope and in near cases treat trustworthy diseases of the brain. However, there is much we still do not contend about many of them. Alzheimers would be one and only(a) of these disorders. The text states that Alzheimers is defined as a persistent, degenerating disorder that inhibits the brains cells or neurons and thus resulting in memory loss, langu eon skills and rapid changes in behaviour (Kalat, 2012). This usually occurs in the venerableer aged population, around the age of cardinal and isnt conside departure to be a normal part of the aging process. gibe to an Alzheimers organization website, a person is diagnosed with Alzheimers every 67 seconds and that there are currently more than 5 million Americans that shake this disease (Help End Alzheimers, n.d.).One of the issues of having this disease deals with enumeration or recollection of numbers by numbering. The text states that individuals with Alzheimers cannot recall learning certain skills i.e. golfing and are often surprised when they do well (Kalat, 2012). This inquiry in this article is important because it shows how well a person with Alzheimers can quickly recall how many numbers are in a certain area clean by looking at it. This is a simple experi custodyt in that it will be uncomplicated to measure the reaction successions and the task of counting isnt that decomposable in semblance to golfing. According to the article, individuals that commit Alzheimers sometimes bugger off hassle with opthalmic enumeration. This means that a person with Alzheimers has difficulty counting visual numbers or tracking down a number in a specific area, i.e. looking for number 42 in a numerical list of 1-100. This study is unique in that finding the reaction time difference between older adults that throw Al zheimers and those that dont would be a quantifiable medical prognosis and gives more proof to the damage that the brain receives from this disease. The researchers in this article are doctors Maylor, Watson and Muller and they studied the subject of visual enumeration in patients with Alzheimers in the year 2005. The hypothesis of the study was that the instrumentalists with Alzheimers would have a significant increase in response time in counting numbers, subitizing numbers(readily knowing a number just by looking at the amount of figures in a picture) and finding numbers in comparison to older adults that did not have Alzheimers (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005).The study was conducted using participants from a resident stem that specialized in the care of people with dementia. These participants were already diagnosed with dementia by professional health providers (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). There were a sum of money of 12 participants whom had Alzheimers and their average age was 81 years old with 4 men and 8 women in the study. The other participants had an average age of 79 and only 8 participants with only 3 being men and 5 were women. The researchers also gave the participants a Mini-Mental State Examination or MMSE, and the stop theme scored higher(prenominal) than the Alzheimers participants 17.3 was the average for the Alzheimers participants and 29.4 was the average for the find out collection (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). Last, all of the participants were voluntary and did not receive any payments for their participation. The researchers apply a laptop computer to be used as a visual for the participants. The laptop also measured response times (RT) and synched the displays. The participants utilized the spacebar make on the laptop as the response button. They put the screen at eye level with a distance of 60 cm. Then a researcher put in the responses with their own keypad. The stimuli on the screen were red circles di splayed on a black background. They randomly generated the stimuli in order to negate any counting ahead (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). The experimenter conducted the tests individually in a means that was either at the resident facility or at the home of the control group participant and the room had nothing but the laptop and the two people conducting the experiment. The initial test was the MMSE and then an enumeration task, a block of demonstration on the task, 3 turns of practice trials and last, there were 3 turns of experimental trials (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). The participants were required to press the spacebar for how many circles they saw.The results of the study indicated that the Alzheimers participants were dilatory than the control group, 1.4 seconds to be exact. The data was analyzed by using analysis of variances to demonstrate the difference in response time and the true statement of the numbers between the two groups. However, they had the same accuracy in sightedness how many items were currently present on the monitor (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). There were some differences in the results with the numbering portion of the experiment. The participants with Alzheimers had a significant decline in response time in comparison to the control group in the subitization part. The second part, counting, the Alzheimers participants were significantly poky than their counterparts as well. The hypothesis was supported by the results of the experiment (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005).The conclusion of this study shows a definitive, soft answer between Alzheimers and normal older adults response time. This in turn shows where to start on how to improve those with Alzheimers response time especially since there isnt any issue with their accuracy (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). There were several issues with this study. First, instead of using a cross sectional study, the researchers should have utilized a longitudinal study that way they could see how slower the participants got overtime as their Alzheimers progressed. The second issue is that they should have acquired individuals that had just become diagnosed with early stages of Alzheimers in the study they give no indication on what stage these participants were at. Last, there was an issue with the amount of participants in the study. The average was too generalized and needed a larger group to narrow down the averages (mean) in order to acquire a higher quality of data.There are some different avenues of approach for in store(predicate) studies on this particular subject. The first approach could be that men and women may suffer from Alzheimers differently, therefore in the future the men and women should be separated into different groups. This would show if there were any differences between the sexes. The abutting idea is that according to the text, those that drink coffee are less probably to have Alzheimers (Kalat, 2012). So for a future research idea, one should have the participants drink coffee for a while before jump the experiment. This could show if the effects of Alzheimers are mitigated when given a stimulant, i.e. caffeine. The last idea would have to be instead of utilizing numbers, use unified words. For example, gauge a participants reaction time by having a word on the screen and then the participant has to adopt a synonym for that word i.e. happy equals jovial. This would show if a participant with Alzheimers can recall a larger vocabulary and in a timely manner.ReferencesHelp End Alzheimers. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2014, from http//www.alz.org/Kalat, James W. biological Psychology, 11th Edition. Cengage Learning, 01/2012. VitalBook file.Maylor, E. A., Watson, D. G., Muller, Z. (2005). Effects of Alzheimers disease on visual enumeration. The Journals Of Gerontology. Series B, mental Sciences And Social Sciences, 60(3), P129- P135.

Factors Influencing Availability of Water in South Africa

Factors Influencing Availability of peeing in conspiracy Africathither atomic number 18 many factors influencing the restrainability of piddle system supply in southmostward Africa. i of the reasons is that According to the global piss balance (figure below), southmost Africa is situated in a negative runoff zvirtuoso, which means that annual evaporation perpetually exceeds rainfall and South Africa is further situated in a semi resign / desert latitude zone, which has almost no weathering and soil formation, due to the drop in precipitation and vegetation cover, and the higher temperatures and evaporation rate. Besides the main factors, that ordain be dealt with in the essay, such(prenominal) as the over exploitation of peeing by the economic sectors and the main piddle sources in South Africa being polluted and therefore cannot be used, the situation of South Africa contri stilles largely to unsustainable usance of piddle through evaporation and therefore influenci ng the sustainability of peeing for future generations.The carry over below supports The Miller Model ( check 1) as it shows that in South Africa, the list of evaporation exceeds the amount of rainfall and the water supply admit often exceeds the water yield which highlights the shortages of water in that alone without other major factors being looked at.South Africa gets most of its water (66%) from surface runoff which is contained in approximately 320 dams all over the country which shake up aggregate capacity of more than than 32 400 million m3. Johannesburg being such a capacious city is the biggest metropolitan ara in South Africa. up to now hostile other cities of its size anywhere in the world it is one in very few that ar not situated on or next to a major watercourse. Johannesburgs main water source comes from the Jukskei and focal ratio Klip River in the north and south respectively. The Jukskei catchment is situated within the Pretoria-Witwatersrand area. A consort of users from recreational activities to industrial users are using the Jukskei River, with different water standards cater for each category and although the catchment is used for a variety of pitying activities it subdued has to support a population number of 790000 in 1991 which has probably increase over the historic period. The Klip River catchment is one of the most heavily impacted river systems in South Africa and is subjected to almost every type of pollution. It furthermore serves all five treasure user groups identified by DWAF (domestic, agricultural, recreation, industrial and the natural environment). It is approximated that 9500 million m3/annum of the summation requirements for water of 12871 million m3/annum is abstracted from surface water resources. The oddment comes from groundwater, the re-use of return flows, and the interception of water by afforestation.In rural, semi desiccated and arid areas, surface water is not abundant therefore groundw ater is used extensively insteadthe six major aquifers (rocks with porosity and water permeability) in South Africa include, Table Mountain Group sandstones, coastal sand deposits, basement granites, Karoo dolerites, Dolomites and alluvial deposit along perennial rivers. Most exploitable groundwater occurs in the eastern and northeastern move of the country and in the Western Cape, where aquifers are concentrated.When looking at Figure 3 which is the map of South Africa shows how utilizable groundwater is scarce in KwaZulu-Natal and the south of South Africa whereas water is concentrated in Northern and Western Cape. However with ground water excessive concentration of chloride, nitrate, and other salts, all of which are costly to remove which shows how less and less groundwater will be exploitable for human purposes as it is becoming increasingly polluted with toxic wates.Looking at the above figure it shows how water in South Africa is concentrated in the Northern part of South Africa. In KwaZulu Natal province, there is 92% of available water that is guaranteed and only a one in long dozen risk of water restrictions which shows its availability. Although water may be currently available, steer scientists predict that SAs economic hub will run short of water should a severe drought occur in the next 10 years. cod to South Africas failure to maintain water pipes that provide households with water 30% was lost through leaking or burst pipes. The right to sufficient water is guaranteed by the countrys constitution, and the government has worked hard to provide access to running water to 88 percent of the population, up from 62 percent in 1996. However, water may be available yet it is unevenly distributed and it is extrapolated that by 2025,that water deficits will occur in three of the four water prudence areas that support most of the countrys economic activity.The Klip River which has been mentioned previously is located in an urban area where there is plenty urban development and Industries. Due to minelaying activities in the area, the river is subject to pressures from those mining activities as large amounts of water are required to support industries such as those that generate electrical power. tap on its own has been averaged to use up to 8 % of South Africas water. Mines such as the Grootvlei mine are responsible for intoxicating valuable groundwater by pumping wastes into rivers thus making it useless in regards to human use.IRRIGATIONIrrigation accounts for 50% of the total water use in South Africa. Farmers that grow crops or fruit, for commercial-grade use or farmers that practise subsisitence farming, use lots of water to fitting the demands of the fields of crops that need watering. The process of meat production uses up a lot of water which is said to be around 3000 litres of water for one Kg of meat which is why people are encouraged to narrow their intake of meat to save water.FACTORIESFactories not only emi tt gasses into the atmosphere but they also passing game effluents into nearby rivers that are both toxic to human beings and animals. Some factories use water to cool down tanks and other machinery and the release it back into rivers which is a form of pollution because when water is heated, oxygen decreases which is perverting to aquatic life.MANAGEMENT AND SOLUTIONSCommunity Development and Environmental EducationBy raising awareness amongst all people in rural areas, that are mostly uneducated, that water is a precious resource which has an impact on all aspects of life people will begin to take feel of the significance of water to all that exist. These awareness projects can be make by having people talk to people about how to reduce water manipulation by not bathing three times a day or leaving a tap running for example.Water Conservation50% of all water available in South Africa is used up by irrigation purposes. The application of water conservation and demand managemen t (WC/DM) principles in the irrigation and farming sector will corroborate a significant effect on the availability of water to other sectors. In order to successfully manage water resources then stricter boundries must be set on each sector using and only allowed a certain amount of water.Industry, dig and Power Generation SectorThe Industry, Mining and Power Generation Programme oversees the development and actionation of appropriate policies, strategies, projects and initiatives that will promote water conservation in these economic sectors. Such programmes should be improved as they aim to establish a culture of water conservation in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and this will ensure sustainable use of water.Another solution and initiative that have been taken to besiege water shortages is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (II) which is due to begin in 2020 as It is expected to take more than nine years to prepare for and implement the project. Once the proje ct is underway there will be an estimated guide of 479-million cubic meters annually to South Africa which is aimed at getting water from Lesotho and supply Gauteng province with it however Negotiations were still under way with the government of Lesotho regarding the flagship of the project. desalinization of surrounding oceans such as the Indian and Atlantic Ocean has been considered but later ruled out due to financial, technological and facility constraints in the country to undergo this process.It is true that water is still available in South Africa and it is also true that in a few years this resource will not be able to support and sustain the population. Industries and households have proved to be the guzzlers of water in South Africa. Strategies that have been implemented will be effective in reducing the usage of water by Industries, and programmes that aim to educate the youth and the elderly on water conservation will alert people to the fact that We dont have the lu xury of choice and time.

The History Of The European Union Politics Essay

The History Of The europiuman confederacy Politics EssayThe European companionship was an institutional framework for the construction of a united Europe. The European connection is super Cly c whollyed the (EU) and after offici wholly(a)y became known as the European partnership (EU). It was created after populace War II to unite the nations of Europe economically and politically by uniting their resources into a mavin economy. By doing so, some a nonher(prenominal) fight would be less likely among neighboring countries. A effect of European leadership became convinced that the only way to well(p) a lasting peace between their countries was to unite them economically and politically. This was the framework for the construction of the early European union which expanded into the European Union.The EU was tog up with the aim of closinging the frequent and bloody wars between its neighbors, which culminated in the World War II. In 1950, the European Coal and Steel Comm unity (ECSC) began to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting peace The organization everywheresees cooperation among its fragments in diverse areas, including trade, the environment, transport and employment. (BBC) The cardinal founding countries were Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Based on the Schuman plan, these sextet countries subscribe a treaty to run their heavy industries of coal and steel. Thus under a parkland management no country could, on its own, make weapons of war to turn against the other as in the past. The founding fathers of the European Union, and regarded by many as the principal architects of European integration following the end of the World War II wereKonrad AdenauerSir Winston ChurchillAlcide de GasperiWalter HallsteinJean MonnetRobert SchumanPaul Henri SpaakAltiero SpinelliIn 1957, the pact of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC), or Common Market. make on the success of the Coal and Steel conformity, those six countries expanded cooperation to other economic sectors. They signed the Treaty of Rome, creating the EEC determined to lay the foundations of an ever so imminent union among the peoples of Europe. (Goldberg, 2003) The idea was for people, goods and services to move step warely crosswise borders.In the 1960s, the early European Community go along to progress. The EU started its common agricultural policy in 1962, giving their countries joint master over food production. All farmers were paid the same price for their produce. The EU grew affluent food for its needs and farmers earned well. in that respect were un valued side-effects, such(prenominal) as overproduction with mountains of surplus produce. Later in 1963, the EU signed its castigateoff big inter guinea pig agreement, a deal to help 18 actor colonies in Africa. To date, this has expanded to 78 countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) regions. In 1968, the reliable six countries removed customs duties on goods imported from all(prenominal) other, allowing free cross-border trade for the first conviction. They also applied the same duties on their imports from outside(a) countries. The humans biggest trading group was born. Trade among these six countries and of the EU and the rest of the world grew rapidly.In the beginning of the 1970s pollution was starting to set about a problem especially in Scandinavia and Germany because of acid rain which was destroying forests. The EU in conclusion adopted laws to protect the environment, introducing the notion of the polluter pays for the first time, and since then Institutions such as the EU with its countries like the Netherlands and Germany take for made it a innovation of their environment. (Bruyninckx, 2009) This led to the founding of pressure groups such as Greenpeace. In 1973, the authorized six countries expanded to nine when Denmark, Ireland and the united Kingd om formally fancy the EU. As a result, in 1974 to show their solidarity the EU leaders set up the European Regional Development Fund. Its purpose was to transfer bullion from rich to poor regions to improve roads, communications, attract investments, and create jobs. This came to account for superstar third of all EU spending. In 1979, EU citizens directly pick out the members of the European sevens for the first time. Previously they were delegated by national parliaments. Members sit in pan-European political groups (Socialist, Conservative, Liberal, Greens, etc.) and not in national delegations. The influence of the Parliament was constantly increase.Figure . European Summit at work.The EU continued its economic growth, political expansion, and industrial modernization. Membership of the EU reached double figures when Greece joined. They had been entitled to join since its military regime was overthrown and democracy restored in 1974. In the industrial sector, computers a nd automation were changing the way people lived and worked. To stay in the chief of innovation The EU organized ESPRIT, the European Strategic Program for reading Technology in 1984. (Grande, Hanson, Lackman, 1994) That was the first of many research and development programs. automatise robots soon joined car factory production lines in the mid-eighties as well. In 1986, Spain and Portugal entered the EU, bringing total social status to 12. However, trade was not flowing freely across EU borders because of certain obstacles and differences in national regulations. european summit.jpgThe Single European Act of 1986 launched a vast six year program to sort out those trade problems. The Act also gave the European Parliament much input and strengthened EU powers on environmental protection. Next in 1987, The EU launched the Erasmus program to fund university students that wanted to study in another European country for up to wizard year. Since then, more than than 2 million st udents have benefited from this and similar EU plans.The get out of communism across Central and easterly Europe which began in Poland and Hungary, symbolized the drop cloth of the Berlin argue in 1989. Faced by a mass exodus of its citizens to West, the East German government sacrificeed the gates. Germany was united after more than 40 years, and its Eastern part joined the EU in1990. The fall of the Berlin Wall led to some economic issues At the same time, consumers suddenly had access to goods and services that hadnt been available behind the Iron Curtain, and, for the first time in decades, entrepreneurs were able to start their own companies. (Tucker, 2009)More major expansions took place in the 1990s for the EU, and later the European Community was officially recognized as the European Union. In 1992, the Treaty on European Union (TEU) was signed in Maastricht. The Treaty established Community policies in six sweet areas trans-European networks, industrial policy, consu mer protection, education and vocational training, youth, and culture. (EU Legislation, 2007) It was a major EU milepost setting clear rules for the future single up-to-dateness, foreign policy, protection policy, and closer cooperation in justice and homeland affairs. Under the treaty, the name European Union officially replaced European Community. With old barriers gone, people, goods, services, and money moved around Europe as freely as within one country. In 1993, the single market and its quadruplet freedoms were established the free movement of goods, services, people, and money had become reality.As the EU has expanded, more than 200 laws have been agreed on since 1986 covering tax policy, business regulations, professional qualifications and other barriers to try and hand more frontiers. Unfortunately, free movements of some services were still delayed. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the EU which increased membership to 15 countries which covered almost all of Western Europe.In the late 1990s, the Schengen Agreement took effect in seven countries Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Portugal. Travelers of any nationality could travel between all of those countries without any passport control at the borders. Other countries have since joined the passport-free Schengen area. In 1997, there was the trace of the Treaty of Amsterdam. It built on the achievements of the treaty from Maastricht by laying down plans to reform EU institutions, to give Europe a stronger voice in the world, and to concentrate more resources on employment and the ripes of its citizens. Later that year, EU leaders agreed to start the process of membership negotiations with 10 countries of Central and Eastern Europe Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta were also include in negotiations.In 1999, the Euro (European Currency ) was introduced in 11 countries for commercial and financial transactions only, notes and coins would come later. The Euro countries were Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland (Greece later incorporate the Euro in 2001). However, a countrys old currency must have had a s slacken exchange rate for two years and because of that Denmark, Sweden, and the United Kingdom decided to stay out of the Euro area for the time being. There were other conditions as well, such as interest rates, budget deficits, pomposity rates, and the level of government debt.Moving into 2000, changes to the Treaty of Nice agreed to open the way for enlargement by reforming EU voting rules. In 2001, the EU stood firmly alongside the United States in the fight against world-wide act of terrorism after the terrorists attacked the World Trade Center killing over lead thousand people. Moving into 2002, Euro notes and coins were introduced. P rinting, minting, and distri thoing them in 12 countries was a major logistical operation. More than 80 billion coins were involved, and notes were the same for all countries. Coins had one common face, giving the value, while the other carried a national emblemall currency circulated freely.Figure . EU PeacekeepersIn 2003, as part of its foreign and security policy, the EU took on peace-keeping operations in the Balkans. Their main concern was in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and then in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In both(prenominal) cases, EU-led forces replaced the NATO units. Internally, the EU agreed to create an area of freedom, security, and justice for all citizens by 2010. EU Peacekeepers.jpgIn 2004, the EU finally finished the process of membership with eight countries (Bulgaria and Romania still remained candidate countries) of Central and Eastern Europe the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia joined the EU. This finally ended the division of Europe which had been decided by the Great Powers 60 years earlier at Yalta. Next, twenty-five EU countries signed a Treaty to establish a European report in 2004. It was designed to streamline democratic decision-making and management in an EU of twenty five or more countries. It also created the post of a European Foreign Minister. The organic law had to be ratified by all 25 countries before it could go into force. When citizens in both France and the Netherlands voted No to the Constitution in referendums in 2005, EU leaders declared a hitch of reflection. (EurActiv, 2007) The constitutional treaty signed in 2004 was meant to make the EU more efficient.In 2007, two more countries from Eastern Europe, Bulgaria and Romania, joined the EU. This brought the total progeny of member states to twenty-seven. Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey were candidates for future membership, but have not yet been accepted. Later that yea r, the twenty seven EU countries signed the Treaty of Lisbon, which amended the previous Treaties. It was designed to make the EU more democratic, efficient and transparent, and thereby able to tackle global challenges such as climate change, security, and sustainable development. The Treaty of Lisbon aimed to make the EU primarily act more efficiently in security matters. alike in 2007, a Council decision was made determining the order in which the office of President of the Council should be held. The position is held for six months by each Member State on a rotational basis. The Council is the main decision-making ashes of the European Union. The ministers of the Member States meet within the Council of the European Union. Depending on the issues on the agenda, each country is represented by the minister responsible for that landing field (foreign affairs, finance, social affairs, transport, agriculture, etc.).Council responsibilities includedThe Council passes laws, usually le gislating jointly with the European Parliament.The Council coordinates the all-inclusive economic policies of the Member States.The Council defines and implements the EUs common foreign and security policy, based on guide lines set by the European Council.The Council concludes, on behalf of the Community and the Union, international agreements between the EU and one or more states or international organizations.The Council coordinates the actions of Member States and adopts measures in the area of police and judicial cooperation in twist matters.The Council and the European Parliament constitute the budgetary authority that adopts the Communitys budget.In 2008, Cyprus and Malta incorporated the Euro, increasing the size of the Eurozone to 15 Member States. The value of the Euro reached an all time high on July 18th at 1.5843 to the U.S. dollar. However, later in the year, the oecumenical recession began to take its toll on the currency and European economies. alike in 2008, Swed en ratified the Lisbon Treaty.Slovakia incorporated the Euro in 2009, and the Eurozone now included 16 Member States. In December, the worlds three main credit ratings agencies downgraded Greeces debt, displace financial markets tumbling and raising concerns about other weak European economies like Portugal, Spain, Ireland and Italy. Concerns started to show as The leaders of the European Union gather in Brussels in an emergency summit meeting that seemed to foreground the very worries it was designed to calm that the world economic crisis has unleashed forces threatening to shatter Europe into rival camps. (Castle Erlange, 2009) Later that year, the previously signed Lisbon Treaty entered into force.As the EU struggled in 2010 to contain the debt crisis, Standard Poors in April downgraded Greeces supreme debt to junk status, and cut Portugal and Spains credit ratings. The Eurozone finance ministers met in May to O.K. a 110 billion ($146 billion) loan package to Greece. That June, the Euro reached a four year low, falling below 0.862017 ($1.19). Eventually the Euro began to comeback the EU vulcanized from the global financial crisis faster than expected, with business investments growing by an estimated 2% in 2010, but with public investment and housing development lagging. fortified corporate profits should enable this recovery to continue in 2011. (The World Factbook) To date, the EU continues to progress and move forward amid untimely setbacks.In closing, the European Community formed as a result of WWII with the intent of preventing European countries from another war, devastating destruction, and the loss of lives within its soon to be member States. The European Community gradually evolved into the European Union with the purpose of increasing economic integration, citizen socialization among its member States, modernizing industrialization, and to centralize a monetary currency among its member States. European citizens now have the freedom to live, work, and study in any part of the EU. Since the European Community began over half a century ago, the EU has taken great strides in achieving a greater sense of unity among its members States and throughout Europe. The future of the European Union rests in its ability to balance supranational (social) and intergovernmental (monetary) issues. While the EU decision-making process index become bogged down as the number of member States around the table increases, the EU has a solid foundation to evolve and prosper with the right unified leadership from within its member States.

Relationship Between Humans And Colour In Architectural Spaces

Relationship Between Humans And an nonate In Architectural Spaces coloring rear clarify and define space, inning and structure, yet in many architectural practices is often conside deprivation only at the final stages of the design process. This tendency to subordinate likeness reflects an attitude held by many design professionals since the Renaissance.The premise that act uponing material is secondary to form, the disegno colore theory, was established by Aristotle in his Poetics during the Renaissance. Further reinforcing this belief, the architect Le Corbusier baffled the role of warp in architectural design still upheld by many today. He considered albumen to convey order, pureness, truth and architecture. His views were further supported by contemporaries such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Adolf Loos who considered white to be the gloss of heaven, magical spell Theo van Doesburg believed it the spiritual tinge of the period (Minah 2008). White became the ep itome of modern architecture. While Le Corbusier latterly modified his attitude toward the relationship of colour in architecture, the colour rules established in his work Purism, co-written with Amd Ozenfant, were never as influential as his earlier beliefs (Batchelor 2000).The following paper examines the importance of colour within architectural space and its index to influence mental public assistance through its sensory and physiological properties.Experiencing ColourWhat is fundamental in savvy the use of colour and light in interior space? wherefore do some spaces bring joy, piece other do not? Many would judge it simply a matter of taste, while others an feel of artistic skill, use of precise colour theory or scientific research. It is a complex conspiracy of many factors, both homophile and scientific.Colour is perceived by the eye through different wavelengths of light carried to us by our surroundings and interpreted by the ace (Nassau 1998). Without light in that location would be no colour. Light reflects off surfaces, triggering an electromagnetic response in the eye, which in turn translates into colour within the brain (Miller 1997). Our perception of colour is consecrated by its hue (actual colour), its intensity or depth of nuance (saturation) and its brightness, creating shade and shadow (Miller 1997).An academic interest in the psychological importee of colour has been prevalent for centuries. Philosophers from ancient Greece dating back to Aristotles time, artists post da Vinci, the early 19th century poet Goethe and subsequent latter day psychologists, anthropologists, biologists, etc, learn theorised and investigated the complexity of human response to, and use of colour (Birren 1978 Sharpe 1980).Shown in dis see board 1. ar the six categories believed by Graham, to be key to the human responses to colour within the built environment (Pierman 1978).The scope of the subject is so immense that for the purpose of this pape r my main focus will be physiological, predilection and associative response to colour and its implications on our experience of interior space. biologic Reactions of a Colour StimulusThere is a reoccurring theme in published writings on human response to colour, namely, the joining of hues at the presbyopic or warm end of the visible spectrum (red, orange and pink) with stimulation and excitation, and those at the short or cool end ( honey oil, gamy violet) with calmness and relaxation (Goldstein 1942 Gerard 1958 Wilson 1966 Jacobs and Hustmyer 1974) which crossesmulti-cultural boundaries (Oyama, Tanaka et al. 1962 Adams and Osgood 1973). Although not all results wealthy someone shown identical outcomes in respect of systolic blood pressure, skin conductance, respiration, heart rate, eye-blink frequency and electrical brain activity, the aroused responses have been similar.Further studies have used word associations with colour, such as blue being associated with tender, soothing, secure and comfortable and orange with disturbing, distressed, demented (Wexner 1954). A to a greater extent recent study attempted to replicate the findings of Gerrard, with a focus on the encumbrance on cardiovascular function (Yglesias, Stewart et al. 1993). Whilst the effect on the heart could not be replicated the individuals mental expectations of the consequence of the colors was in accord with previous literature. Jacobs and Seuss similarly base the effects of 4 primary colors projected onto a large screen produced gamy anxiety levels for red and yellow, consistent with earlier studies (Jacobs and Hustmyer 1974)Schauss claimed that pink colours acted as a natural tranquilizer and had successfully subdued prison inmates (Schauss 1979), hardly this has not been substantiated in further studies (Pellegrini, Schauss et al. 1981). The earlier findings may have been more to do with the Hawthorne effect, particularly as such a result would misrepresent the prevalen t red/blue spectrum theory.Whilst all of the above research with its end design implications was carried out using coloured light, slides, patches, or words, Kller et al experimented using full scale decorated rooms. Those decorated with colours from the dour visible spectrum created greater arousal than those from the short spectrum. Additionally, introverts or those in a negative liquid body substance became more affected than others, impacting their performance (Kller, Mikellides et al. 2009).Similarly, Kwallek found that an individuals ability to screen colours for irrelevant stimuli had an impact on the effect of colour. extravagantly screeners were more productive in a red working environment, while low screeners performed better in a blue-green office (Kwallek, short et al. 2006) (Kwallek, Soon et al. 2007) (Kwallek, Woodson et al. 1997). In addition, Kwallek et al found saturation of colour was a signifi spatet predictor of differences in mood between males and females. Ainsworth contrarily found no difference in performance between red and blue offices (Ainsworth, Simpson et al. 1993). However, In a study of almost 1000 workspaces in quaternary countries, interior colour was recognised as an important influencing element of mood and performance (Kller, Ballal et al. 2006).A key article by Kaiser follows the varied literature on non-visual physiological responses by humans to colour, (Kaiser 1984a), concluding that there atomic number 18 reliable physiological responses to colour recorded, but that some of the results may have been effected by cognitive response to colour (Kaiser 1984a). The preceding review shows that, despite considerable interest and research, studies have yet to provide a thorough and empirically proven set of rules for the relationship between colour and emotions (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994).Cognitive Response to ColourThe way we respond to colour can to a fault be a result of conscious symbolism or associated actions. Ygles ias et al showed that we have expectations in respect of our response to plastered colours (Yglesias, Stewart et al. 1993), regardless of involuntary physiological responses. These may be learned through culture or tradition, memory, preferences or fashion.Colour associated with actions can be seen in the red, amber and green of traffic lights conveying stop, yield and go, respectively. When these colours are used in isolation from their connection with traffic, they can still influence their association (Hutchings 2004). Red is commonly used to signify danger, or to moderate attention and is the most pervasive colour signal in in the flesh(predicate)ity (Humphrey 1976). It can, however, have a somewhat ambiguous meaning as it is the colour of edible berries, signifies love, lust, anger and blood a combination of both positivist and negative symbolism.Culture and tradition can connect specific emotions with certain colours. Typically, white is worn by Western brides for its con nection with purity, whereas in India the favourite(a) colour is red (Hutchings 2004) and in other countries black, which is in stark short letter to its commonly accepted association with mourning (Kaya and Crosby 2006). White continues its connection with purity through its use in kitchens and bathrooms, translating into cleanliness and hygiene. It can in addition be seen in its association with hospitals and specifically the doctors coat, further reinforcing its sterile status (Blumhagen 1979). In mainland China white is associated with righteousness. Black is associated with dullness and stupidity in Indian culture, while red implies ambition and desire (Kreitler and Kreitler 1972).Colours can also be steeped with religious meaning through association. For instance, green is the sacral colour of Islam (Kaya and Crosby 2006), and was also considered sacred by the Celts up until the Christian church introduced white (Singh 2006). In addition to white, purple is the symbolic co lour used in Christian churches throughout Lent for drapes and altar frontals, while orange is considered the most sacred colour in Hindu religion. Red and white is a combination used for ritual decorations in Melanesia and for representing the Sacred Heart of the Catholic perform in Mexico (Singh 2006). Colours with religious connotations and subsequent emotional connection can have a profound effect on an interior if inappropriately used and could cause offence, or negative feelings.Colour associations also step up to rely on an individuals previous knowledge and experience, combined with personal emotional connections. Kaya and Crosby found colour schemes were remembered in alliance with known interiors, such as restaurants, schools or their homes and, subsequently deemed appropriate colours for specific building types or rooms. For example, some related the colour blue with feelings of relaxation, calmness, comfort and peace, with an associated link to hotels and residences ( Kaya and Crosby 2006). Red, a colour frequently aligned with stimulation and arousal, was often coupled with places of entertainment, such as restaurants (Kaya and Crosby 2006).ConclusionA complex collection of factors combine to dictate an individuals perception of colour within the built environment. Despite decades of research into our physiological response to colour and its implications, scientific results have been contradictory and sometimes inconclusive, albeit with a general consensus on reaction to colours within the short and long visible spectrum. For example, as highlighted earlier, red wavelengths can influence biologic rhythms, with green wavelengths being weaker. These results are a direct physiological response. A human does not have to have any knowledge of the colour red for a biological response. However the result may be deepen by an indirect physiological response to the colour based on cognition. For instance, an individual may have a strong mental associati on of red with blood, violence, fire or hatred. We all have our own personal knowledge of colour, based around culture, tradition and memory, which serve to guide our weft and experience of colour and light. In addition, response to colour can also be influenced by our immediate environment, such as whether we are whole or in a group, or how we are feeling at the time and its effect on our ability to screen colours. A person in a depressed mental state may not respond in the same way as someone in a more positive mood.Colour is a powerful powerfulness which can be used in different way to spark and stimulate, to control our actions, to create an environment of joy or misery. In devising colour choices for interior space, it is crucial to understand the nature and culture of the drug users, in conjunction with scientific research. It is important to discern whether the chosen colour has a direct physiological impact on a particular biological function, or if the colour effect d epends on cognitive learning or emotional associations. Selection should also consider the implications of hue and saturation of colour, which play a strong part in eliciting positive feelings and a thought of well-being when appropriately chosen. Interiors should not be devised purely for reasons of fashion or aesthetics, if the aim is to elicit a positive emotional response from the user a more considered approach should be undertaken.1876

The Circularity of Life in Tess of the DUrbervilles :: Tess of the DUrbervilles

The Circularity of Life in Tess of the DUrbervilles Thesis Hardy is concern with the natural cycles of the world, and the disruption caused by convention, which usurps natures role. He combats convention with the voice of the individual and the continuing circularity of nature. Phase the First The Circles of Life The circularity of intent is a major theme of the novel. Hardy treats it as the natural come out of things. The structure of the novel reflects this reigning image of the quite a little at some(prenominal) levels. First, the use of seasons to denote the passage of time implies circularity rather than a linear world-view. Years are shown as repetitions with variations rather than as bracing creations. Tess herself views time in this way, as she reflects on the various recurring dates which incision events in her life. She philosophically noted dates as they came past in the vicissitude of the year the disastrous night of her undoing at Trantidge with its dark soil of the Chase also the dates of the babys birth and death also her own birthday and every other day individualized by incidents in which she had interpreted some share. She suddenly thought one afternoon... that there was yet another(prenominal) date, of greater importance to her than those that of her own death (149). In the novel, the past and the future day are merely points on the cycle which nature designs. Reveals the destructive facial expression of this realization to Angel when she declares her disinclination to study history which will except tell that she is one of a long row only... just the like thousands and thousands (182). Secondly, the plot itself is not only circular, but contains a myriad of small striations within it. The main circle of the plot is from the discovery of the DUrberville Tombs to Tesss death. Within this circle revolve others. The life and death of Sorrow is a small circle within the larger one. Alec DUrbervilles repentance and recantation fo rm another. Clares and Tesss physical journeys towards and away(p) from and back again to each other represent more circles. Hardys consonant use of these circles in the plot reinforces their importance to the theme. The diction of the novel seems knowing to forcefully remind the reader of this theme. At the start of the novel Tess and her companions move in a circle on the green at its end, she pelf to rest at Stonehenge.

Holy Year of Jubilee :: Religion Religious Christian Church Essays

Holy Year of JubileeThe ultimate derivation of the word jubilee is disputed, but it is nigh probable that the Hebrew word jobel, to which it is traced, meant a rams horn, and that from this instrument, used in proclaiming the celebration, a certain idea of rejoicing was derived. Further, passing through the Grecian iobelaios, or iobelos, the word became confused with the Latin jubilo, which means to shout, and has stipulation us the forms jubilatio and jubilaeum, now adopt in most European languages. For the Israelites, the socio-economic class of Jubilee was in any case preeminently a time of joy, the social class of remission or universal pardon. Thou shalt sanctify the fiftieth social class, we get hold of in Leviticus 2510, and shalt proclaim remission to all the inhabitants of thy land for it is the year of jubilee. Every seventh year, like every seventh day, was always accounted set apart and set aside for rest, but the year which followed seven complete cycles was to be kept as a sabbatical year of special solemnity. The Talmudists and others later disputed whether the Jubilee Year was the forty-ninth or the fiftieth year, the difficulty being that in the latter case twain sabbatical years mustiness have been observed in succession. Further, there are historical info which seem to show that in the age of the Machabees the Jubilee of the fiftieth year could non have been kept, for 164-163 B.C. and 38-37 B.C. were both certainly sabbatical years, which they could non have been if two sabbatical years had been intercalated in the interval. However, the text of Leviticus (258-55) leaves no room for equivocalness that the fiftieth year was intended, and the institution evidently bore a tightly fitting analogy with the feast of Pentecost, which was the closing day after seven weeks of harvest. In any case it is certain that the Jubilee period, as it was generally understood and adopted afterwards in the Christian Church, meant fifty and not forty-nine years but at the same time the heel fifty was not originally arrived at because it represented half a century, but because it was the number that followed seven cycles of seven. It was, then, part of the legislation of the Old Law, whether practically adhered to or not, that severally fiftieth year was to be celebrated as a jubilee year, and that at this season every household should recover its absent members, the land harvesting to its former owners, the Hebrew slaves be set free, and debts be remitted.

Daniel Dennetts Darwins Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of

Daniel Dennetts Darwins Dangerous intellect Evolution and the Meanings of LifeScience seat give us as good a moral code as any religion. Or so Daniel Dennett claims in his book, Darwins Dangerous Idea Evolution and the Meanings of Life. Dennett provides the tools to explain kind-hearted morality, and inadvertently leads the mode to the conclusion (which he does not share) that science can clarify how tender-hearted morality came nearly, but not serve as a substitute or model for moral codes, religious and secular alike. It all begins with Dennetts assertion that everything- everything- is a product of an algorithmic process, which comes about as a result of random change. By definition these algorithmic processes, phylogeny included, are matter first. Dennett uses a metaphor of cranes that new changes in species or anything else are made possible by what already existed in the material knowledge domain. When speaking about life it is also usefully explained by considering ad aptation to be, in practice, exaptation. Nothing in the Darwinian story of the military personnel suggests that anything about better or worse, or for that matter, good and evil.This is the main elevation commonly used to dispel notions of Social Darwinism. But it, in my mind, is not sufficient. A few people are doing better in the reality than others, and it is not because they are better than the others, or that the others are inferior, it just happened that way because of genial circumstances. It has nothing to do with biology. So what Science here offers no ethical insight it only prompts indifference. Even if Darwinism is no justification for social injustice, it does nothing to suggest that there is an urgent need for social change. At worst, if one does not take away from this a w... ...reate stories and go beyond nature. These stories themselves are often the motivation for what we determine to be evil upon examining an hang on story, but we do not have a choice about whether or not we tell stories at all. That is in our nature. Alternately, without our stories we would not have it off good and beautiful.The most dissatisfying aspect of a matter-first explanation of morality is that it absolves us from any accountability for how we impact the natural world and other human beings. This could come as a welcome relief, after considering the incomprehensible responsibility of being an agent of creation. But consider again all the trust and possibilities that lie in being able to tell stories that change the world Works CitedDennett, Daniel C. Darwins Dangerous Idea Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York, NY Simon&Schuster, 1995.

The dark side of fast food Essay -- Health, Diseases, Obesity

Todays furious pace of deportment does non provide peck with an opportunity of leisurely eating. The replacing of handed-down diet to convenience pabulum is the result of the general intensification of work. At parade people be usu altogethery under meter pressure. Therefore, unfluctuating nutrient seems to suit to the rhythm of modern life. However, it is argued by nutritionists that fast nutrition is not beneficial to health, and causes health problems such as diabetes, heart diseases and obesity issues. The issue of American overweight adults, whose mass is defined as 120 percent, has change magnitude from 25 to 35 percent over the period of snip from 1960 to 1991, part the percentage among adolescents has grown from 10 percent to 20 percent from 1970 to 1991 (James K. Binkley. 1997). In addition, these indexes be rising simultaneously with the development of fast food, one perspective is food delivering system, widespread service all over the world, which leads to population life passive life style and contribute to acquiring obesity. During the period of time between 1980 and 1990 the proportion of money spent on food, that is prepared step up of home has increased from 26 percent to 37 percent (Robert W. Jeffery and A. Simone. 1998). Moreover, epochal minority of children are suffering from obesity. While sales of fast food are growing, the quality of health is declining. Presently, there are about 30,000 McDonalds restaurants in 120 countries full of regular clients (BBC. Worldservice.com). In addition, there are many other similar corporations which mean that the fast food pains is prospering.Currently, humanity has a significant problem with a health of people due to a wrong nutrition, which consist of a different types of fast food. It is, therefore, ... ...possible solutions for stabilizing situation and providing healthy style of life without the fast food. Those are to put a stop for the usage of harmful ingredients in food, to descend and limit amount of the fast food restaurants and to reduce the advertisement time on television and to reduce total amount of banners and websites of these fast food corporations. Moreover, it is believed, that these methods will improve todays difficulties of people with the fast food consumption and addiction, and will provide healthy life style (ORourke. 2005). In conclusion, in todays situation, humanity and particularly governments of countries have to contend for the active life without fast food, and to stop the fast food addiction, because of which all of these terrible things such as children and adults obesity, heart diseases and diabetes mellitus are happened.

Criticism of the Verification Principle in A.J. Ayers Book Language, Truth and Logic :: Philosophy

Criticism of the Verification Principle in A.J. Ayers Book Language, Truth and LogicINTRODUCTION This essay will contain in an exposition and criticism of the Verification Principle, as expounded by A.J. Ayer in his take hold Language, Truth and Logic. Ayer, wrote this book in 1936, but also wrote a new introduction to the second edition ten years later. The last mentioned amounted to a revision of his earlier theses on the principle.It is to both accounts that this essay shall be referring. Firstly, I shall expound the confirmation principle. I shall then show that its match of significant types is inexhaustible, and that this makes the principle inapplicable. In doing so, I shall have exposed flagitious inconsistencies in Ayers theory of meaning, which is a necessary part of his modified bridle principle. I shall also expound Ayers theory of knowledge, as related in his book. I will show this theory to contain logical errors, devising his modified version of the principle f lawed from a second angle. The human relationship of this essay with the two prior essays of this series can be still from Ayers Preface to the First Edition of his book The views which are put antecedent in this treatise derive from the doctrines of Bertrand Russell and Wittgenstein. For background interest, Language, Truth and Logic was written afterwards Ayer had attended some of the meetings of the Vienna Circle, in the 1930s. Friedrich Waismann and Moritz Schlick headed these logical positivists of Vienna. Their principle doctrine can be said to have been founded in the meetings they had with Wittgenstein and their interpretation of his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Ayers book expounds and, in his view, improves on the principle doctrine of the Vienna Circle the verification principle. Waismann and Schlick adopted this principle after it was first given to them by Wittgenstein himself. Waismann record the conversation, where Wittgenstein stated If I say, for example, Up t here on the cupboard there is a book, how do I set about ascertaining it? Is it sufficient if I glance at it, or if I look at it from varied sides, or if I take it into my hands, touch it, open it, turn its leaves, and so forth? There are two conceptions here. One of them says that however I set about it, I shall never be able to verify the proposition completely. A proposition always keeps a back entrance open, as it were.

The Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin Essay -- Harriet Beecher Stowe Un

The Publication of Uncle gobblers confine Harriet Beecher Stowes novel, Uncle Toms cabin, has been widely identified as the most authoritative American novel in the countrys history. al-Qurans have, of course, always had the spring to bring about great social change, and the widespread distribution of Uncle Toms Cabin gave a vivid image of Southern life, particularly the mistreatment of slaves, to the entire country. While slavery was previously an issue between slaveholders and abolitionists, the incorrupt outrage caused by Uncle Toms Cabin went a long way towards bringing the slavery debate to the forefront of the entire American consciousness. Broadly speaking, the books success brought the moral conflict to the full general existence, causing many ordinary citizens to form their own moral judgments, a good deal critical ones, of the nature of slavery, while they previously would have been much apathetic. Here, I will investigate the reaction to and effects of the publication of Uncle Toms Cabin, particularly divided into two groups the scholarly or critical reaction, and the public reaction, including both public opinion of the book and the various derivative full treatment that were created for public consumption. I have researched both portions of this topic through the more modern works of historical analysis, and by examining primary sources reproduced in online collections (with especially heavy use of Railtons extremely resourceful website, for which I would wish well to acknowledge my gratitude).Outside of the Southern region that Uncle Toms Cabin criticized, the book immediately received a critical reception of cracked enthusiasm (Donovan 16) that fully recognized the strong moral weight that was carried in its strong narrative. While the... ...can Culture A Multi-Media Archive. Dir. Stephen Railton. 2002. Other Relevant whole kit and boodle Hildreth, Margaret Holbrook. Harriet Beecher Stowe A Bibliography. Hamden, CT Archon, 1 976.Jorgenson, Chester E., comp. Uncle Toms Cabin as Book and Legend A Guide to an Exhibition. Detroit 1952.Stowe, Charles Edward. Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Boston Houghton & Mifflin, 1890.Stowe, Harriet Beecher. A discover to Uncle Toms Cabin. Port Washington, NY Kennikat, 1853.1 To clarify, while Uncle Toms Cabin was the title of both the novel and the play, my mention of the title in this archive refers to the novel unless otherwise stated.2 This name is almost certainly a nom de guerre (UTCAC).3 UTCAC identifies Gamaliel Bailey as a possible author of this anonymous article.

Man Against God in Moby Dick Essay -- Moby Dick Essays

Man Against beau ideal in Moby Dick   Thee plant life Cited      divinity fudge, God is against thee, old hu patchity forbear tis an sinister voyage unwell begun ill continued... (418). Humanity has embarked on a journey. A journey of choice that go forth lead into the end days one which lead determine mankinds denominate and weave the mat of life to completion. Humanity, wish well Captain Ahab, has chosen to succeed the direction of his own desires rather than reason and faith. Refusing to hear the vocalism of reason, man has seared Starbuck-his conscience and morals-to a lipless, unfeatured blank (459). Following the desires of the flesh, he has propel out the compass and declared himself lord of the level loadstone (425). And the likes of Captain Ahab, humanity will suffer the consequences of all his fatal self-esteem (425).   Every person who lives believes he posses the power, the free will, to weave his mat of life, to pass on the des igns come out the way he wishes. to date, when the time of decision comes, each one will let the ball of free will drop from his kick in and keep abreast Captain Ahab in pursuit of the hearts passion and the minds fantasy. The pressure of Ahabs join drives the crew to compliance, and only Starbuck dares to stand up to him. But even Starbucks bravery wavers and he is unable to hold his ground. Seared into white noise, his silent pleas for respect are seldom heard everywhere Ahabs commands. For such was the thunder of Ahabs voice, that the men sprang everywhere the railing and into the sea (187).   Ahab realizes the power he has and declares it many times outright. merely he does not respect the authority granted to him and abuses it by winning his ship and crew on a voyage of revenge and foolish, secular ... ... of God. Mankind has chosen to ignore the orders of the ship owners and the warnings of the compass, and like Ahab, has declared himself deific on land and se a (411) thitherfore, Inspite of all that mortal man could do, on that point will be retribution, swift vengeance (468). Remember therefore from consequently thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place... (381)   works Cited The Holy Bible. Concordance and end-of-verse references ed. by Russell L. Surls. The Authorized King James Version. Iowa, globe Bible Publishers, 1986. Melville, Herman. Moby Dick An Authoritative Text Reviews and Letters by Melville Analogues and Sources Criticism. A Norton Critical Edition. Ed. Harrison Hyford and Hershal Parker. New York, W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. 1967. Man Against God in Moby Dick hear -- Moby Dick Essays Man Against God in Moby Dick   Thee Works Cited      God, God is against thee, old man forbear tis an ill voyage ill begun ill continued... (418). Humanity has embarked on a journey. A jour ney of choice that will lead into the end days one which will determine mankinds indispensableness and weave the mat of life to completion. Humanity, like Captain Ahab, has chosen to follow the direction of his own desires rather than reason and faith. Refusing to hear the voice of reason, man has seared Starbuck-his conscience and morals-to a lipless, unfeatured blank (459). Following the desires of the flesh, he has propel out the compass and declared himself lord of the level loadstone (425). And like Captain Ahab, humanity will suffer the consequences of all his fatal self-complacency (425).   Every person who lives believes he posses the power, the free will, to weave his mat of life, to accomplish the designs come out the way he wishes. Yet, when the time of decision comes, every one will let the ball of free will drop from his eliminate and follow Captain Ahab in pursuit of the hearts passion and the minds fantasy. The pressure of Ahabs voice drives the crew to compl iance, and only Starbuck dares to stand up to him. But even Starbucks resolution wavers and he is unable to hold his ground. Seared into white noise, his silent pleas for loyalty are seldom heard over Ahabs commands. For such was the thunder of Ahabs voice, that the men sprang over the railing and into the sea (187).   Ahab realizes the power he has and declares it many times outright. Yet he does not respect the authority granted to him and abuses it by pickings his ship and crew on a voyage of revenge and foolish, undutiful ... ... of God. Mankind has chosen to ignore the orders of the ship owners and the warnings of the compass, and like Ahab, has declared himself never-failing on land and sea (411) therefore, Inspite of all that mortal man could do, there will be retribution, swift vengeance (468). Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place... ( 381)   Works Cited The Holy Bible. Concordance and end-of-verse references ed. by Russell L. Surls. The Authorized King James Version. Iowa, human beings Bible Publishers, 1986. Melville, Herman. Moby Dick An Authoritative Text Reviews and Letters by Melville Analogues and Sources Criticism. A Norton Critical Edition. Ed. Harrison Hyford and Hershal Parker. New York, W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. 1967.

The world :: essays research papers fc

This idea is intimately the world, but Ive never written it.     ------------------------------------------------------------------------Editing ResourcesOther ResourcesHosted by cope with Ne cardinalrks      ------------------------------------------------------------------------     ------------------------------------------------------------------------A Critique of Martin Luther poof, Jr.s Version of Natural Law possiblenessParadoxic every last(predicate)y, Martin Luther King, Jr., in his "Letter from Birmingham City Jail," ab initio uses classical raw(a) right possibleness to defend his actions, but immediately thereafter contradicts a vestigial article of faith of this possibleness and relies on a "weaker" version of natural rectitudefulness. In doing so, King must attempt to formulate a opening which justifies his nefarious actions in view of his clean obligation to obey the virtue. Kings failure to discriminate surrounded by legal obligations and chasteistic obligations yields a logical paradox in his nett formulation of natural fairness scheme. However, Kings theory need not be completely annihilateed if his argument is slightly modified to reject the moral obligation to obey fair plays. King initially uses classical natural law theory as his rational basis to defend his actions. This theory has two main component claims according to Murphy and Coleman (Sourcebook, I-35), the first organism, " clean asperity is a logically obligatory condition for legal validity- an unsportsmanlike or immoral law being no law at all" followed by, "The moral order is a part of the natural order- moral duties being in some sense "read off" from essences or purposes fix (perhaps by God) in nature." According to this theory, righteousness law, but law = morality by definition. Thus for King to use this theory, two requirements atomic number 18 implicit. He must assert that an unjust law is not unfeignedly a law, and he must fork up a moral theory to fork just and unjust laws. King first quotes St. Augustine, "an unjust law is no law at all," to emphasize his agreement with the first claim. He thusly includes the "law of God" as his moral theory to provide the theoretical account upon which to judge the law. His argument using classical natural law theory at first seems to be a valid and necessary defense lawyers for breaking the law, i.e. refuseing segregation laws and orders to not march. Most people atomic number 18 initially supportive of his argument that an unjust law is not a law he can or should obey. Kings comment that "one has a moral responsibility to obey just laws...one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws" (Letter, p3) therefore appears to justify his actions. However, a rational abstract makes discernible several difficulties associated with this argument.T he world essays research papers fc This paper is about the world, but Ive never written it.     ------------------------------------------------------------------------Editing ResourcesOther ResourcesHosted by pair Networks      ------------------------------------------------------------------------     ------------------------------------------------------------------------A Critique of Martin Luther King, Jr.s Version of Natural Law TheoryParadoxically, Martin Luther King, Jr., in his "Letter from Birmingham City Jail," initially uses classical natural law theory to defend his actions, but immediately thereafter contradicts a fundamental tenet of this theory and relies on a "weaker" version of natural law. In doing so, King must attempt to formulate a theory which justifies his illegal actions in view of his moral obligation to obey the law. Kings failure to distinguish between legal obligations and mo ral obligations yields a logical paradox in his final formulation of natural law theory. However, Kings theory need not be completely rejected if his argument is slightly modified to reject the moral obligation to obey laws. King initially uses classical natural law theory as his rational basis to defend his actions. This theory has two main component claims according to Murphy and Coleman (Sourcebook, I-35), the first being, "Moral validity is a logically necessary condition for legal validity- an unjust or immoral law being no law at all" followed by, "The moral order is a part of the natural order- moral duties being in some sense "read off" from essences or purposes fixed (perhaps by God) in nature." According to this theory, morality law, but law = morality by definition. Thus for King to use this theory, two requirements are implicit. He must assert that an unjust law is not really a law, and he must provide a moral theory to distinguish just and unjus t laws. King first quotes St. Augustine, "an unjust law is no law at all," to emphasize his agreement with the first claim. He then includes the "law of God" as his moral theory to provide the framework upon which to judge the law. His argument using classical natural law theory at first seems to be a valid and necessary defense for breaking the law, i.e. disobeying segregation laws and orders to not march. Most people are initially supportive of his argument that an unjust law is not a law he can or should obey. Kings comment that "one has a moral responsibility to obey just laws...one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws" (Letter, p3) therefore appears to justify his actions. However, a rational analysis makes apparent several difficulties associated with this argument.

mlk on the problem of god :: essays research papers

As a product of the Black preaching tradition, Martin Luther queen mole rat junior vocalized much on his views regarding the question of the line of work of immortal. In defining divinity fudges place in the piece race struggle, Dr. King defined paragons four roles which included deity as a creator, upholder of existence, person in news report, and activist. These beliefs were heavily influenced by not only his raising and personal experiences, but also by his encounters with various intellectual sources including Plato, the dying of God theologians, Aristotle, and George W. Davis.First and foremost, King defined Gods role as the creator, the ultimate source of being. While studying Plato and other antiquated Greek works, King came across the concept of mankind whose existence did not depend on God. King refuted these ideologies, specific onlyy Platos realm of the transparent which did not depend on any other object for its existence. Instead, he strongly believed that since man was made in Gods image, human intellect was actually a gift from God. Gods creation of intellect made Him more personal to humans, in the sense that He could be referred to as the ultimate source for solving human determine and problems. Just as in the case of human intellect, in all areas of life, God was the ultimate source of being.Having clearly defined Gods role as the ultimate creator, it was evident to King that God had to be the ultimate sustainer of existence. This reality occurred to him while studying the death of God theologians who argued that since corruption and evil were spreading in the world, God must be dead. To argue against these theologians, King differentiated between theoretical and practical atheism. King had no problem with theoretical atheism because it actually challenged us on the question of Gods existence and His omnipresence in human society. On the other hand, King had trouble with practical atheism, meaning those who lived their lives a s if God is dead. He argued that practical atheism is what humanity was struggling with. God had not died, and in fact was actually very much active. The problem in Kings view was that too many peck were living their lives as if God had died, and thus spreading evil with their social mannerisms. In the end, the fact remained that God was very much alive and the ultimate sustainer of existence.Since Dr. King believed that God is the ultimate creator and sustainer of existence, it is only evident that God had a role throughout the history of mankind.

The TV Made Me Do It Essay -- essays research papers

Violence on TV affects how children view themselves, their world, and other people. In fact, experts warn that viewing violence chiffonier have lifelong harmful effects on childrens health. By the time children complete school, the average child will witness much than 100,000 acts of violence on TV, including 8,000 murders. The to a greater extent violence children watch on TV, the more likely they may act in aggressive ways, become less(prenominal) sensitive to others pain and suffering, and be more portentous of the world around them. Since we live in a violent society, were constantly hearing arguments that seeing TV violence, particularly children, desensitizes us so we accept real violence more easily and maybe it evening triggers real violence. The theory behind the TV attacks is always the same if Bobby commits a crime, hes not prudent and his parents are not responsible something else is responsible. The problem in this society isnt the easy availability of drugs, or gu ns, or television, although all are scapegoted. All of these things simply do lonesome(prenominal) what we have them do. All supposedly scientific studies on the subject of TV violence causing real violence are based on a theory of cause-and-effect that goes against humans having the capability of making responsible, moral choices. So is the media causing the nation to stray away from the old fashion determine? We are voluntary beings by nature we chose what we do and what we make of ourselves. For example, you take...

Cuban Race Relations Essay -- Spanish Cuba Cuban Racial Essays

Cuban Race RelationsI. Introduction- Retracing a narrative of racial turn away in Cuban Society The reckon of die hard transaction in contemporary Cuba indelibly requires an consciousness of the dynamic news report of rush along relations in this ethnically pervasive island of the Caribbean. Cuban society, due(p) to its historical antecedents of European colonialism and American imperialism, has traditionally experienced anguished and hitherto tumultuous tend relations. Racial disharmony has plagued Cuban society constantly since the advent of the compound institution of the plantation system. Thus, in order to educate some understanding of Cubas dynamic race relations 1 must study and investigate the evolution of racial tensions and the quintessential strike that the revolution of 1959 had on Cubas social structure.II. The Impact of Spanish Colonialism in Cuba Legitimizing Racial Schism- The nuance of colonial repression, oblige by the institutions o f slavery and the plantation system, has incessantly preoccupied Cuban society, culture, politics, and ideology. The legacies of slavery and the plantation system imposed a structural and systematic practice of racial discrimination against Afro-Cubans, which smothered any breathing in for the pursuit of liberty and equality. Despite Cubas abolishment of slavery in 1886 and its winning of independence in 1902, Afro-Cubans remained destitute, marginalized, and in the outer boundary of political self-direction within Cuban society. Thus, the origins of Cubas disdainful race relations egress during the Spanish colonial tenure in Cuba. The eon of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba can be characterized by many institutions, such(prenominal) as slavery and the plantation system, which presupposed a model of ra... ...n and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. Revolutionary modify in Cuba. Ed. Carmelo Mesa-Lago. (University of Pittsburgh press New York.1971), 347. 11. .de la Fuente, Alejand ro. Race, discipline Discourse, and Politics in Cuba. (Latin American Perspectives v25 (1998) p. 43-70.), 55. 12. .Amaro, Nelson and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. Revolutionary Change in Cuba. Ed. Carmelo Mesa-Lago. (University of Pittsburgh Press New York.1971), 348. 13. .de la Fuente, Alejandro. Race, National Discourse, and Politics in Cuba. (Latin American Perspectives v25 (1998) p. 43-70.), 55. 14. .Ibid 15. .Ibid 16. .Ibid 17. .Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean the multiplication of a staccato Nationalism. (Oxford University Press New York. 1990), 307. 18. .Information taken from the Afro Cuba Web foliate http//www.afrocubaweb.com/afrocVoice.htm Cuban Race Relations Essay -- Spanish Cuba Cuban Racial EssaysCuban Race RelationsI. Introduction- Retracing a History of Racial Scorn in Cuban Society The study of race relations in contemporary Cuba indelibly requires an understanding of the dynamic history of race relations in this ethnically pe rvasive island of the Caribbean. Cuban society, due to its historical antecedents of European colonialism and American imperialism, has traditionally experienced anguished and even tumultuous race relations. Racial disharmony has plagued Cuban society ever since the advent of the Colonial institution of the plantation system. Thus, in order to acquire some understanding of Cubas dynamic race relations one must study and investigate the evolution of racial tensions and the quintessential impact that the revolution of 1959 had on Cubas social structure.II. The Impact of Spanish Colonialism in Cuba Legitimizing Racial Schism- The specter of colonial repression, imposed by the institutions of slavery and the plantation system, has incessantly haunted Cuban society, culture, politics, and ideology. The legacies of slavery and the plantation system imposed a structural and systematic practice of racial discrimination against Afro-Cubans, which suppressed any ambition for the pursui t of liberty and equality. Despite Cubas abolition of slavery in 1886 and its winning of independence in 1902, Afro-Cubans remained destitute, marginalized, and in the periphery of political autonomy within Cuban society. Thus, the origins of Cubas disdainful race relations emerge during the Spanish colonial tenure in Cuba. The era of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba can be characterized by many institutions, such as slavery and the plantation system, which presupposed a notion of ra... ...n and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. Revolutionary Change in Cuba. Ed. Carmelo Mesa-Lago. (University of Pittsburgh Press New York.1971), 347. 11. .de la Fuente, Alejandro. Race, National Discourse, and Politics in Cuba. (Latin American Perspectives v25 (1998) p. 43-70.), 55. 12. .Amaro, Nelson and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. Revolutionary Change in Cuba. Ed. Carmelo Mesa-Lago. (University of Pittsburgh Press New York.1971), 348. 13. .de la Fuente, Alejandro. Race, National Discourse, and Politics in Cuba. (Latin American Perspectives v25 (1998) p. 43-70.), 55. 14. .Ibid 15. .Ibid 16. .Ibid 17. .Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean the Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism. (Oxford University Press New York. 1990), 307. 18. .Information taken from the Afro Cuba Web Page http//www.afrocubaweb.com/afrocVoice.htm

The Summer of SARS Essay -- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Health E

The Summer of SARS As far as I could recollect, every summer my family would travel anchor to mainland China as my parents way of paying homage to Taiwan and to entomb me and my sister in our culture and heritage. The summer of 2003 would shit been just some other summer spent on an over-heated and over-populated island with family and friends except for the introduction of a invigorated viral respiratory illness named SARS or Severe subtle Respiratory Syndrome. It was first recognized on February 26th 2003 in capital of Vietnam and its main symptoms and signs included high fever of over 38? Celsius, teetotal cough, and shortness of breath.1 At the time, my family assumed that, whatever this new sickness was, it was contained in spite of appearance Southeast Asia and its effects would not impact our travel plans. How wrong we were As the date for departure from LAX drew closer, more devastating reports of the fast and deathly effects of SARS were gathered by the WHO Wor ld Health Organization. concord to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 10 to 20 per centum of the cases, patients required mechanical ventilation and most patients developed pneumonia. It spread by close person-to-person contact. From our relatives and friends abroad, we heard numerous distressed accounts of distantly cogitate people who have fallen ill or possibly have come into contact with SARS. By July 2003, the cumulative number of SARS cases realness wide was an impressive 8,445. Taiwan, our destination, proved to be a hot patch with 678 cases of SARS and 84 deaths since adjoin, 2003.2The problem with the illness was that the speed of research to look the causative agent and the efforts to contain the illness was slower than the spread of disease up to this point. Ne... ....2 WHO, Cumulative Number of Reported Probable Cases of SARS, July 1, 2003, (accessed April 24, 2005).3 WHO, Severe clear-sighted Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-multi-count ry outbreak-Update, March 17, 2003, (accessed April 24, 2005).4 WHO, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-multi-country outbreak-Update, March 20, 2003, (accessed April 25, 2005).5 WHO, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-multi-country outbreak-Update, March 21, 2003, (accessed April 25, 2005).6 WHO, Update 61-WHO extends its SARS related travel advice to all of Taiwan province, China, May 21, 2003, (accessed April 25, 2005).7 WHO, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-multi-country outbreak-Update, March 8, 2003, (accessed April 24, 2005).8 CDC, Frequently Asked Questions About SARS, April 25, 2004, (accessed April 25, 2005).